{"id":81246,"date":"2020-11-10T09:39:26","date_gmt":"2020-11-10T09:39:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/past-the-salt-the-future-of-water-desalination\/"},"modified":"2022-09-26T05:32:08","modified_gmt":"2022-09-26T05:32:08","slug":"past-the-salt-the-future-of-water-desalination","status":"publish","type":"spotlight-fadyjameel","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/ar\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/past-the-salt-the-future-of-water-desalination\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d&#8230; \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 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name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 -\u064a\u0642\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 &#8211; \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>. \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 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\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><em><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-80967 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Imprex-Logo-300x95.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"95\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Imprex-Logo-300x95.png 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Imprex-Logo-150x47.png 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Imprex-Logo.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\u0648<\/em><em> \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0649 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\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\"><em>[7]<\/em><\/a><em>. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u0648<\/em><em>\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641<\/em><em>.<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\"><em>[8<strong>]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2050\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 25 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 6\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 6 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-64142\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Water-Scarcity-GDP.jpg\" alt=\"ALJ Water Scarcity GDP\" width=\"2480\" height=\"1295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Water-Scarcity-GDP.jpg 2480w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Water-Scarcity-GDP-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Water-Scarcity-GDP-1024x535.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Water-Scarcity-GDP-150x78.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Water-Scarcity-GDP-768x401.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Water-Scarcity-GDP-1536x802.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Water-Scarcity-GDP-2048x1069.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2480px) 100vw, 2480px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-56971\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SDGs-300x186.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SDGs-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SDGs-150x93.png 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SDGs-768x477.png 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/01\/SDGs.png 940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 6)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 13)\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 7)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 2)<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0648) &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f 7 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 20 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646: \u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u00a0\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629: \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 71 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u063a\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c 1 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0640 2 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 (\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-33064\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2018\/11\/World-Water-Chart.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1504\" height=\"764\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2018\/11\/World-Water-Chart.png 1504w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2018\/11\/World-Water-Chart-150x76.png 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2018\/11\/World-Water-Chart-300x152.png 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2018\/11\/World-Water-Chart-768x390.png 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2018\/11\/World-Water-Chart-1024x520.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1504px) 100vw, 1504px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-80998\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers.jpg\" alt=\"Water Desalination in numbers\" width=\"1535\" height=\"709\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers.jpg 1535w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers-1024x473.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers-150x69.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers-768x355.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1535px) 100vw, 1535px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 17,000 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 174 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c 107 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>. \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 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https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Desalination-1024x586.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Desalination-150x86.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Desalination-768x440.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Desalination-1536x879.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ALJ-Desalination-2048x1173.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2480px) 100vw, 2480px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 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allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 600 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 34 \u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0629 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https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Desalination-process-768x559.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Desalination-process.jpg 1299w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 (IDA) \u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644: &#8220;\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a 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width=\"181\" height=\"185\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Graphene-sieve-seawater-to-drinking-water.jpg 210w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Graphene-sieve-seawater-to-drinking-water-147x150.jpg 147w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 181px) 100vw, 181px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-80974\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image Credit \u00a9 University of Manchester<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a 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name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631.<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a 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height=\"1061\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Xuanhe-Zhao.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Xuanhe-Zhao-150x99.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Xuanhe-Zhao-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Xuanhe-Zhao-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Xuanhe-Zhao-1024x679.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-30612\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Xuanhe Zhao \u00a0\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0641&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644&#8221; <a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a> \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-81012\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Desalination-typical-zero-liquid-process-279x300.jpg\" alt=\"Desalination typical zero liquid process\" width=\"279\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Desalination-typical-zero-liquid-process-279x300.jpg 279w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Desalination-typical-zero-liquid-process-951x1024.jpg 951w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Desalination-typical-zero-liquid-process-139x150.jpg 139w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Desalination-typical-zero-liquid-process-768x827.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Desalination-typical-zero-liquid-process.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 279px) 100vw, 279px\" \/>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u00a0<\/sup>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 (SWCC) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0636\u062e \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b.<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-80981\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/IDA.png\" alt=\"IDA logo\" width=\"131\" height=\"129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/IDA.png 131w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/IDA-70x70.png 70w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 131px) 100vw, 131px\" \/>\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 20\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2020-<a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a>2025. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<a href=\"#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref33\">[33]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 2030 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f 9.5 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062b (SWRO)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/strong>: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 444 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 (TECO).<a href=\"#_ftn34\" name=\"_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643:\u00a0<\/strong>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref35\"><strong>[35]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#_ftn36\" name=\"_ftnref36\"><strong>[36]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633.\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u2013 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-62774\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Solar-prospects-8.jpg.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1758\" height=\"1207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Solar-prospects-8.jpg.png 1758w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Solar-prospects-8.jpg-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Solar-prospects-8.jpg-1024x703.png 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Solar-prospects-8.jpg-150x103.png 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Solar-prospects-8.jpg-768x527.png 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Solar-prospects-8.jpg-1536x1055.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1758px) 100vw, 1758px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 25,000 \u0634\u062e\u0635.<a href=\"#_ftn39\" name=\"_ftnref39\">[39]<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_80988\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-80988\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-80988\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/GreenPower-Kenya.jpg\" alt=\"GreenPower Kenya\" width=\"1024\" height=\"671\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/GreenPower-Kenya.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/GreenPower-Kenya-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/GreenPower-Kenya-150x98.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/GreenPower-Kenya-768x503.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-80988\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a &#8211; \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 &#8211; \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">1 http:\/\/www.fao.org\/about\/en\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a>2 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/18-06-2019-1-in-3-people-globally-do-not-have-access-to-safe-drinking-water-unicef-who<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a>3 https:\/\/www.wri.org\/news\/2019\/07\/release-updated-global-water-risk-atlas-reveals-top-water-stressed-countries-and-states<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a>4 https:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2019\/08\/17-countries-home-one-quarter-world-population-face-extremely-high-water-stress<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a>5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2019\/08\/cape-town-was-90-days-away-from-running-out-of-water-heres-how-it-averted-the-crisis\/\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2019\/08\/cape-town-was-90-days-away-from-running-out-of-water-heres-how-it-averted-the-crisis\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a>6 http:\/\/www.imprex.eu\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a>7 Dependencies of Europe\u2019s economy on other parts of the world in terms of water resources<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a>8 https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/sustainability\/our-insights\/water-a-human-and-business-priority<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a>9 https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/sustainability\/our-insights\/climate-risk-and-response-physical-hazards-and-socioeconomic-impacts<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a>10 https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/water\/publication\/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a>11 https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/sustainable-development-goals\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a>12 http:\/\/www.fao.org\/zhc\/detail-events\/en\/c\/880881\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a>13 <a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a>14 https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/2019\/01\/desalination-plants-produce-twice-as-much-waste-brine-as-thought\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a>15 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.internationalwatersummit.com\/__media\/Energy-Efficient-Desalination-2018.pdf\">Energy Efficient Desalination<\/a>, International Water Summit, 15-18 January 2018<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a>16 <a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a>17 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unenvironment.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/towards-sustainable-desalination\">https:\/\/www.unenvironment.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/towards-sustainable-desalination<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a>18 <a href=\"https:\/\/unu.edu\/media-relations\/releases\/un-warns-of-rising-levels-of-toxic-brine.html\">https:\/\/unu.edu\/media-relations\/releases\/un-warns-of-rising-levels-of-toxic-brine.html<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a>19 <a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/EEC-White-Paper-10-13.pdf\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/EEC-White-Paper-10-13.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a>20 <a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a>21 <a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><\/a>22 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.manchester.ac.uk\/discover\/news\/graphene-sieve-turns-seawater-into-drinking-water\/\">https:\/\/www.manchester.ac.uk\/discover\/news\/graphene-sieve-turns-seawater-into-drinking-water\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><\/a>23 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nmat5025\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nmat5025<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\"><\/a>24 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2019\/apr\/10\/desalination-world-clean-water-crisis\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2019\/apr\/10\/desalination-world-clean-water-crisis<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><u>[25]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6161077\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6161077\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\"><u>[26]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.herox.com\/blog\/162-the-challenge-of-desalination\">https:\/\/www.herox.com\/blog\/162-the-challenge-of-desalination<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><u>[27]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IDA_White_Paper_HAB_rev.1.pdf\">Treating A Moving Target: Harmful Algal Blooms<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\"><\/a>28 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/zero-liquid-discharge\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/zero-liquid-discharge<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><\/a>29 <a href=\"https:\/\/unu.edu\/media-relations\/releases\/un-warns-of-rising-levels-of-toxic-brine.html\">https:\/\/unu.edu\/media-relations\/releases\/un-warns-of-rising-levels-of-toxic-brine.html<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\"><u>[30]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/saudigazette.com.sa\/article\/571985\">https:\/\/saudigazette.com.sa\/article\/571985<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\"><u>[31]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/EEC-White-Paper-10-13.pdf\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/EEC-White-Paper-10-13.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\"><u>[32]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\"><u>[33]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/climateinitiativesplatform.org\/index.php\/Global_Clean_Water_Desalination_Alliance_(GCWDA)\">http:\/\/climateinitiativesplatform.org\/index.php\/Global_Clean_Water_Desalination_Alliance_(GCWDA)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\"><u>[34]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.waterworld.com\/home\/article\/14071194\/desalination-opportunities-and-challenges\">https:\/\/www.waterworld.com\/home\/article\/14071194\/desalination-opportunities-and-challenges<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\"><u>[35]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"#:~:text=Ion%20exchange%20is%20the%20most,combined%20with%20selective%20ion%20exchange\">#:~:text=Ion%20exchange%20is%20the%20most,combined%20with%20selective%20ion%20exchange<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\"><u>[36]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.waterworld.com\/home\/article\/14071194\/desalination-opportunities-and-challenges\">https:\/\/www.waterworld.com\/home\/article\/14071194\/desalination-opportunities-and-challenges<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\"><u>[37]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2020\/passive-solar-powered-water-desalination-0207\">http:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2020\/passive-solar-powered-water-desalination-0207<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\"><u>[38]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/technology-innovation\/solar-power-desalination\">https:\/\/bigthink.com\/technology-innovation\/solar-power-desalination<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\"><u>[39]<\/u><\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/technology-innovation\/solar-power-desalination\">https:\/\/bigthink.com\/technology-innovation\/solar-power-desalination<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":80960,"template":"","tags":[181,399,409],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u00ae\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d | \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 | \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 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