{"id":127985,"date":"2026-08-26T05:12:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T05:12:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alj.com\/?post_type=perspective&#038;p=127985"},"modified":"2026-08-26T05:12:20","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T05:12:20","slug":"could-drug-resistance-in-livestock-be-a-threat-to-global-welfare","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/en\/perspective\/could-drug-resistance-in-livestock-be-a-threat-to-global-welfare\/","title":{"rendered":"Could drug resistance in livestock be a threat to global welfare?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on human health is real and dangerous.\u00a0 But drug resistance in humans is only part of the story. \u00a0AMR in farm animals has the potential to be equally devastating not only for animal health, but also global nutrition, rural economies and the financial security of an industry responsible for the livelihood of\u00a01.3 billion people.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Farm animals act as unintentional petri dishes for all kinds of undesirable strains of superbugs.\u00a0 Up to 50% of pigs in European farms, for example, are now believed to be carriers of MRSA.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>To combat this, antimicrobial drug use has grown more than 50% over the past 20 years, particularly in developing economies, where regulation and oversight are often weaker.\u00a0 Worldwide, around 70% of all antimicrobial drugs are used within the livestock sector. \u00a0Currently, around 100,000 tons of antimicrobials are dispensed annually, but that figure is expected to rise to around 140,000 tons by 2040<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><sup>,<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> as global population growth fuels increased demand for meat and animal products.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Case study: Chickens cause salmonella spike in USA<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Hundreds of people across multiple US states were hospitalized in 2025 with crippling diarrhea, fever and vomiting.\u00a0 They tested positive for salmonella, a potentially fatal bacteria infecting the intestine.\u00a0 Worse, the strain was resistant to the hospital\u2019s first-line antibiotics such as Fosfomycin.\u00a0 Two died.\u00a0 Lifestyle investigations indicated the disease <a href=\"https:\/\/alj.com\/en\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/time-for-climate-action-to-go-viral\/\">had crossed<\/a> to humans from backyard flocks of chickens.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>It is a natural feature of evolution that the increased use of antimicrobials means a greater likelihood of resistance developing.\u00a0 Given environmental exposure, previously vulnerable microbes (bacteria, virus, fungi, or microscopic parasites) will gradually become immune to the drugs which once eradicated them.<\/p>\n<p>Studies suggest that the continued spread of AMR could lead to a fall in global livestock levels of up to 8% by 2050, or 11% in low-income countries where food production is already challenging.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>How have we allowed the health of our livestock to suffer, and our global food systems to become so threatened?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-127986\" src=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-150x106.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-2048x1448.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Why are we so dependent on antibiotics?<\/h2>\n<p>If antibiotics are causing a problem, why don\u2019t we just use less of them? \u00a0As a notion, this reasoning sounds ingenious in its simplicity.\u00a0 Yet, the reality is more complex.<\/p>\n<p>Antibiotics are the lynchpins of modern medicine, treating infections either by killing bacteria directly or by stopping them from multiplying. \u00a0Among human patients we use them for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>respiratory infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia<\/li>\n<li>infected cuts<\/li>\n<li>sexually transmitted diseases<\/li>\n<li>urinary and bladder infections<\/li>\n<li>and other serious illnesses such as meningitis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sometimes they are used preventatively, if people have low immune systems or are awaiting surgery, or they are prescribed post-infection to aid the body\u2019s natural defenses.<\/p>\n<p>For human and animal subjects alike, common antibiotics include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>penicillins such as Amoxicillin<\/li>\n<li>cephalosporins, for sepsis<\/li>\n<li>macrolides, for pneumonia<\/li>\n<li>and fluoroquinolones, for recurrent infections<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Among animal populations, precautionary antibiotics are often dispensed to entire flocks or herds via drinking water and feed. \u00a0While prevention is doubtless better than cure, this prophylactic approach inevitably leads to a situation of over-prescription.\u00a0 With good intentions, we can accidentally encourage naturally-occurring bacteria to mutate and become tomorrow\u2019s drug-resistant infections.<\/p>\n<h2>What are the dangers of ignoring the threat of AMR?<\/h2>\n<p>AMR isn\u2019t some hypothetical issue for a future date \u2013 we are already living with the impacts today. \u00a0In the absence of effective antibiotics we cannot properly treat infected animals, which in turn causes needless suffering and premature death, with much wider implications for humankind.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Failing to tackle the issue of AMR globally could carry a US$ 100 trillion cumulative cost to economic output by 2050<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Strains of drug-proof E.coli, campylobacter and salmonella have already been detected among poultry stocks worldwide, resulting in stunted growth and mass culls.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Pig farmers are likewise reporting more cases of antimicrobial-resistant swine dysentery, a highly contagious and severe mucohemorrhagic disease spread via contaminated feces, rats or equipment.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Case study: Drug-resistant livestock fuel MRSA outbreak in UK<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>During the Covid lockdown in the UK, a dozen patients aged 22 to 70 receiving treatment in a burns unit had their wounds infected by Staphylococcus aureus\u00a0\u2013 better known as MRSA.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Several failed treatments later, it became apparent that the strain was livestock-derived and resistant to the antibiotic Methicillin, drastically limiting intervention options.\u00a0 All patients survived, but it was never confirmed how MRSA had entered the facility.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Conventional antibiotics are already proving inadequate in many cases, so farmers are increasingly turning to pleuromutilins, stronger antibacterials which bind to a different site on the bacterial ribosome. \u00a0However, even pleuromutilins are facing growing bacterial resistance, risking substantial loss of stock. \u00a0Swine dysentery can leave a trail of devastation in its wake, with 90% morbidity and 30% mortality rates among infected herds.<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Inaction is a luxury we cannot afford. \u00a0Failing to tackle the issue of AMR in livestock globally could carry a US$ 100 trillion cumulative cost to economic output by 2050 via a 3.8% reduction in annual GDPs.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> \u00a0In worst case scenarios, if all antibiotics fail due to bacterial mutation, the price will be paid in human lives.<\/p>\n<h2>Why does livestock AMR matter beyond the farm?<\/h2>\n<p>The impact of AMR in livestock does not stop at the farm gate. \u00a0It moves through food systems, health systems, ecosystems and economies, which is why AMR is increasingly understood as a \u2018one health\u2019 challenge: a problem in which human, animal, plant and environmental health are inseparable.<\/p>\n<p>For animals, the consequences are immediate and visible. \u00a0When common infections become harder to treat, livestock suffer for longer, mortality rises and farmers face higher veterinary costs, lower productivity and greater losses. \u00a0In severe cases, resistant infections can contribute to culls, disrupt breeding programmes and reduce the availability of safe, affordable animal protein. \u00a0For families and communities dependent on livestock, the issue is therefore not simply one of animal health, but of income, nutrition and resilience.<\/p>\n<p>Resistant bacteria can reach humans through direct contact with animals, contaminated food, manure, soil, water and the wider environment. \u00a0Once resistant organisms enter human populations, they can make everyday infections more difficult to treat and increase the risks associated with surgery, cancer care, childbirth and intensive care. \u00a0Global analysis in <em>The Lancet<\/em> estimates that, without stronger action, AMR could be directly responsible for 1.91 million deaths a year by 2050, with 8.22 million deaths associated with AMR annually.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s a huge social cost, too. \u00a0The World Bank warns that unchecked AMR could push 28 million people into poverty. \u00a0Modelling suggests that losses linked specifically to AMR in livestock could cost global GDP up to US$950 billion, while the spread of resistant pathogens from livestock to humans could cost up to US$5.2 trillion.<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> \u00a0These figures underline the scale of the challenge: AMR can weaken healthcare systems, disrupt trade, increase household medical costs and place additional pressure on countries already facing food insecurity.<\/p>\n<p>AMR also poses a considerable risk to the environment. \u00a0Antimicrobial residues and resistant bacteria can enter soil and waterways through manure, agricultural runoff and aquaculture systems. \u00a0The FAO notes that 75% to 90% of tested antibiotics may be excreted from animals unmetabolized, creating further opportunities for resistant organisms to persist and spread.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Seen in this light, responsible antimicrobial use in animals has a much broader impact than protecting animals themselves. \u00a0Healthier animals require fewer medicines; stronger biosecurity reduces infection pressure; better surveillance helps contain outbreaks earlier; and improved waste management limits environmental contamination. \u00a0Tackling AMR in livestock means safer food, more resilient farming, lower healthcare risk and greater long-term economic stability.<\/p>\n<p>If the consequences of AMR stretch across farms, hospitals, food systems and ecosystems, then the response must be equally connected. \u00a0This begins with a clearer understanding of where resistance is emerging, how it spreads, and which interventions can reduce the need for antimicrobials without compromising animal welfare or food security.<\/p>\n<h2>What can we do to reduce drug resistance?<\/h2>\n<p>Although AMR resistance is a growing threat worldwide, there is no central body to monitor outbreaks and capture the declining performance of traditional drugs.<\/p>\n<p>How can we effectively counteract AMR if we fail to comprehend its frequency and severity?<\/p>\n<p>Online AMR database <a href=\"https:\/\/resistancebank.org\/\">resistancebank.org<\/a> aims to address this deficiency by collating hundreds of AMR in livestock reports spanning Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America.<\/p>\n<p>However, it is far from comprehensive, restricting itself only to instances where AMR rates in livestock surpass 50%, and is constrained by inconsistent sampling across different territories.<\/p>\n<p><strong>AMR Facts and Figures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>3 billion people<\/strong> depend on livestock and agriculture for their livelihoods<\/li>\n<li><strong>70% of all antimicrobial drugs globally<\/strong> are used in livestock<\/li>\n<li><strong>140,000 tons of antimicrobials<\/strong> used annually by 2040, up from around <strong>100,000 <\/strong>tons today<\/li>\n<li><strong>8% of global livestock<\/strong> could be lost by 2050 due to AMR, rising to <strong>11% in low-income countries<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>91 million deaths a year<\/strong> directly attributable to AMR by 2050<\/li>\n<li><strong>28 million people<\/strong> could be pushed into poverty by unchecked AMR<\/li>\n<li><strong>US$ 950 billion <\/strong>in livestock-related losses due to AMR<\/li>\n<li><strong>US$ 5.2 trillion<\/strong> cost of drug-resistant pathogens passing from livestock to humans<\/li>\n<li><strong>90% morbidity<\/strong> and <strong>30% mortality <\/strong>of swine dysentery due to AMR in affected herds<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-127993\" src=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-150x106.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-2048x1448.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/home\/\">World Organization for Animal Health<\/a> describes AMR as \u201cone of the greatest global health challenges of our time\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> \u00a0Yet it emphasizes that all is not lost, with several strategies emerging to curb the further proliferation of dreaded superbugs.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cOne of the greatest global health challenges of our time\u201d \u2013 the World Organization for Animal Health on antimicrobial resistance<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Surplus antibiotics, leaching from farmyards into our soil and waterways, encourage resistant bacteria to form in the wild. \u00a0Even its presence in manure can spread to the wider landscape, because animal waste is often used as agricultural fertilizer. \u00a0Those working in the industry can therefore help limit the problem by being precise about the amount of drugs they dispense and ensuring that any leftover medicines are disposed of responsibly. \u00a0Clean disposal techniques should be applied to animal waste products and any other industrial runoff which may have come into contact with antimicrobials.<\/p>\n<p>Secondly, we can try to limit livestock disease outbreaks by focusing on hygienic conditions for farm animals. \u00a0Good animal management is pivotal, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>quarantining newly arrived animals before integrating them into herds<\/li>\n<li>limiting visitor numbers to farms<\/li>\n<li>using disinfectant feet trays<\/li>\n<li>restricting access to grazing land<\/li>\n<li>routinely disinfecting vehicles, tools and equipment<\/li>\n<li>and controlling pests and other wildlife that might raid feed troughs and spread bugs further<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Additionally, farmers should design tailored vaccination programs in association with specialist vets, ensuring effective herd immunity without wasteful over-use. \u00a0Animals must be inspected daily for signs of illness and immediately segregated if suspicious traits are detected. \u00a0Carcasses must be promptly removed and disposed of to prevent other creatures coming into contact with them.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Regular testing can help to identify individual cases of AMR disease before they become outbreaks<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Further, pastoral farmers should use mains water instead of streams and ditches for hydrating their animals, since mains water has been chemically treated and its provenance assured. \u00a0Slurry should not be spread on pastureland during grazing periods. \u00a0Regular testing can help to identify individual cases of AMR diseases before they become outbreaks. \u00a0Biosecurity plans should be kept up-to-date and detail appropriate responses in the event of disease detection: Informing relevant authorities promptly and maintaining full records of animal movements to aid with traceability.<\/p>\n<p>Some agricultural and nutritional experts are beginning to look beyond the remit of antimicrobials, instead promoting a more holistic approach to animal health. \u00a0Some are turning to probiotics \u2013 live microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast \u2013 to boost gut flora, improve natural immunity and support sustainable health in livestock.<\/p>\n<p>Whichever tactic one favors, the financial freedom of the private sector is integral to resolving the AMR issue worldwide. \u00a0An <a href=\"https:\/\/alj.com\/en\/news\/jameel-research-to-fund-research-project-at-mits-department-of-biological-engineering-to-combat-anti-microbial-resistance\/\">exciting new collaboration<\/a> between US university MIT and Jameel Research, part of the Abdul Latif Jameel International network, demonstrates the power of partnerships for bolstering the robustness of livestock worldwide.<\/p>\n<h2>Can the private sector use AI to combat rising drug resistance?<\/h2>\n<p>In January 2026, Jameel Research announced it was funding a new project at MIT\u2019s Department of Biological Engineering to combat AMR.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-128000\" src=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1826\" height=\"1021\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT.jpg 1826w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-1024x573.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-768x429.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-1536x859.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-226x126.jpg 226w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1826px) 100vw, 1826px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The ambitious three-year project is headed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.collinslab.mit.edu\/\">Professor James J. Collins,<\/a> Termeer Professor of Medical Engineering and Science at MIT and Faculty Lead for Life Sciences at the <a href=\"https:\/\/jclinic.mit.edu\/\">MIT Jameel Clinic<\/a>, which serves as MIT\u2019s central hub for AI and healthcare innovation.<\/p>\n<p>Professor Collins and his team are working to create a new generation of antibacterial treatments and rapid diagnostic tools. \u00a0Combining synthetic biology with advanced generative AI, the project aims to accelerate results and target antibiotics where they are most effective.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u2018Minibinders\u2019 would be delivered through modified microbes to neutralize critical toxins and protein targets<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The initial phase focuses on developing and validating programmable antibacterial therapies intended to tackle AMR across a variety of bacterial pathogens. \u00a0These so-called \u2018minibinders\u2019 would be delivered through modified microbes to neutralize critical toxins and protein targets.<\/p>\n<p>This new strategy for developing antibiotics represents a significant step toward the long-term goal of creating programmable treatments to overcome AMR in both livestock and humans. \u00a0In the future, this approach could also enable the faster development of medical countermeasures for emerging and re-emerging pathogens, improving the global response to outbreaks.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cAntimicrobial resistance is one of the most urgent challenges we face today and addressing it will require ambitious science and sustained collaboration,\u201d<\/em> said Professor Collins. \u00a0<em>\u201cThis project reflects my belief that tackling AMR requires both bold scientific ideas and a pathway to real-world impact.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cWe\u2019re pleased to support this new research, building on our longstanding relationship with MIT and our commitment to strengthening global health and contributing to a more resilient future.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cWe\u2019re pleased to support this new research, building on our longstanding relationship with MIT and our commitment to strengthening global health and contributing to a more resilient future\u201d \u2013 Professor James J. Collins<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>While we await the miracles of modern medicine and technology, we must remain vigilant in our attitude to AMR.\u00a0 We must accept that we cannot stop pathogens from adapting to their environment and developing resistance to antibodies.\u00a0 Evolution is, after all, the same process by which humankind has become such a comfortable fit for the world.<\/p>\n<p>Acceptance does not, however, mean inaction.\u00a0 Instead, we must focus our efforts on supporting a vibrant ecosystem for cutting-edge AMR research, while adopting sustainable farming practices to delay the adaptation process as much as possible.<\/p>\n<p>By protecting the effectiveness of antimicrobials in livestock today, we also help protect future medical care, food security, environmental health and the economic resilience of communities worldwide.<\/p>\n<p>This twin strategy offers the best chance of making a lasting difference to the health of global livestock, while protecting agricultural economies and food production for future generations.<\/p>\n<h2>Five fast facts<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Q: How widespread is the problem of infectious diseases among livestock worldwide?<\/strong><br \/>\nA: Up to 50% of pigs in European farms are now believed to be carriers of MRSA, a type of staph bacteria resistant to many common antibiotics.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: Could AMR damage global livestock levels?<\/strong><br \/>\nA: Studies suggest that the continued spread of AMR could lead to a fall in global livestock levels of up to 8% by 2050.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: Are farms using too many antibiotics?<\/strong><br \/>\nA: Antimicrobial use has grown more than 50% over the past 20 years, and around 70% of all antimicrobial drugs are now consumed by the global livestock sector.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: Why is AMR in animals also a threat to wider society?<\/strong><br \/>\nA: Resistant bacteria can spread through food systems, direct animal contact, manure, soil and water, increasing the risk of harder-to-treat infections in humans.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q: What could AMR cost the global economy?<\/strong><br \/>\nA: The World Bank estimates that unchecked AMR could wipeout 3.8% of global GDP each year by 2050 and push 28 million people into poverty.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0195670121004357\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0195670121004357<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-56825-7\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-56825-7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736%2824%2901867-1\/fulltext\">https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736%2824%2901867-1\/fulltext<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/health\/brief\/antimicrobial-resistance-amr\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/health\/brief\/antimicrobial-resistance-amr<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/one-health\/areas-of-work\/antimicrobial-resistance\/en\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/one-health\/areas-of-work\/antimicrobial-resistance\/en<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/what-we-do\/global-initiatives\/antimicrobial-resistance\/\">https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/what-we-do\/global-initiatives\/antimicrobial-resistance\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":128008,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Could drug resistance in livestock be a threat to global welfare? | Abdul Latif Jameel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on human health is real and dangerous. 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