{"id":21085,"date":"2019-03-28T09:14:59","date_gmt":"2019-03-28T09:14:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/en\/?post_type=perspective&p=21085"},"modified":"2020-06-22T11:53:00","modified_gmt":"2020-06-22T11:53:00","slug":"j-wafs-action-revisited-superheated-steam-not-know","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/en\/perspective\/j-wafs-action-revisited-superheated-steam-not-know\/","title":{"rendered":"J-WAFS in action \u2013 revisited Superheated steam, but not as we know it"},"content":{"rendered":"

It is almost three years since Gang Chen<\/a>, the Carl Soderberg Professor in Power Engineering and Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at MIT<\/a>, received J-WAFS<\/a> Solutions funding for his project \u2018Floating, Heat Localizing Solar Receivers for Distributed Desalination\u2019. \u00a0Opening Doors caught up with him in Boston to see how the project has progressed and learn more about the potential impact of his groundbreaking research.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Q:\u00a0 Between September 2016 and August 2017, you were investigating the possibilities of <\/strong>clean water production from seawater at low capital costs<\/strong><\/a>. \u00a0How has that research evolved, and what are you working on now?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gang: \u00a0<\/em>We are trying to create a method of using solar energy to generate super-heated steam \u2013 that is, steam heated to more than 120 degrees Celsius, rather than the normal 100 degrees atmospheric boiling point. \u00a0At over 120 degrees, the steam can be used in sterilization applications. \u00a0We have an interest in a wide range of issues: desalination, wastewater treatment, industrial processes, cooking, and sterilization. \u00a0A lot of industrial and food processes also need higher-temperatures. \u00a0Not all of these require super-heated steam, but it is particularly useful for applications like sterilization.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 Can you describe the solution you\u2019ve come up with? <\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Gang:<\/em> \u00a0To create super-heated steam from sunlight, people will typically think of optical solutions, such as lenses or mirrors, to concentrate sunlight; but these techniques can be both costly and complex.<\/p>\n

Instead, we are developing a significantly lower-cost approach centered on an \u2018absorber\u2019<\/em>, which is basically a piece of metal coated with a film. \u00a0The technique is already commercially available, as it\u2019s often used in solar-powered hot water systems. \u00a0<\/p>\n

To start with, the device is place over a basin of water and inside a polymer enclosure. \u00a0This keeps heat loss to a minimum.<\/p>\n

The other issue we\u2019ve had to tackle is degradation from contaminants found in the water or biofouling. \u00a0Our original research used devices floating on water surface, which could suffer from biofouling, but now our device is suspended just above the water\u2019s surface, avoiding this issue. \u00a0The device is about the size of a tablet computer and has three layers: on the top, the metal ceramic composite surface absorbs the sun\u2019s heat; below that, a foam-like material catches and further heats any steam created before it is channeled away through an exit tube. \u00a0And below that, on the bottom layer of the device, is the element closest to the water. \u00a0This is the part of the device that emits infrared heat to the water below it through a black coating on the surface. Vapor is generated from water surface and enters the foam-like materials.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 In layman\u2019s terms, how does it work?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gang:\u00a0 The top layer of the device absorbs the radiant sunlight. \u00a0Because of the coating, as it gets hotter the loss of heat from the system is actually relatively small. It can get hotter than 100\u00baC. \u00a0Because it is in contact with the foam, the foam structure also gets hotter than 100\u00ba C.<\/p>\n

\"MIT,<\/p>\n

The foam is in contact with the other side of the channel, which is coated black and radiates infrared heat to the water.\u00a0 While water does not normally absorb visible wavelengths in sunlight, it is a strong absorber of the infrared wavelengths radiated by this hot object. \u00a0As a result, the water\u2019s surface gets hot, helping it to generate vapor and eventually steam, which rises into the device.<\/p>\n

At this point, the generated steam is still only at about 100 degrees Celsius. \u00a0But when it rises towards the hot absorber itself \u2013 which is already well over 100 degrees \u2013 it is further heated, creating the super-heated<\/em> steam we\u2019re looking for in the device\u2019s middle layer.<\/p>\n

The channel between the top and bottom layers enables us to direct the generated steam through a tube to wherever we need it. \u00a0The beauty of this system is that it is completely passive: once the device is built, it requires no further input in order to start and continue absorbing sunlight.\u00a0 So, low maintenance and low cost.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 Where could this solution be applied? \u00a0If you can get it to market, what is its potential impact?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gang:<\/em> \u00a0That\u2019s a good question. \u00a0When we started this research, we thought about potential applications in desalination, wastewater treatment, industrial steam, or sterilization. \u00a0These are all<\/em> still possible. \u00a0We\u2019re studying at the moment to see where the most appropriate entry market is for this technology. \u00a0It could also be used to supply hot water to households, but each of these potential applications needs to be evaluated in terms of its own financial viability.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 Your current device is about the size of a tablet computer. \u00a0Is there scope to increase that, and develop something on a much larger scale?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gang:<\/em> \u00a0We\u2019re in the process of trying to make a larger-scale system. \u00a0The technology is simple enough, and we don\u2019t really see a roadblock for scaling it up. \u00a0Our issue is that we work at a university, so we simply don\u2019t have the space for that kind of large, utility-scale project. \u00a0Hopefully, once we identify a financially viable market entry point, this will lead to either a partnership or spin-off, to work in a commercial setting and achieve that larger-scale operation.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 You\u2019ve been working on solar steam generation for several years now. \u00a0How would you describe the advances you\u2019ve made?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gang:<\/em> \u00a0It\u2019s been a series of small projects, each of which has led to where we are today. \u00a0The first work we did was a floating, porous material on the water surface, because the visible sunlight doesn\u2019t get absorbed by water itself. \u00a0By floating this porous material on the surface, and then insulating this covered area from the bulk of water in a way that the water is \u2018sucked\u2019 under by surface tension, we could create a locally hot region on the surface. \u00a0Later, we were able to produce a design so that we could get water to its boiling point without using any optics whatsoever \u2013 just using normal sunlight.<\/p>\n

In actual fact, my daughter, who was then just 16 years old, played some role in helping us take those first steps. \u00a0We found our device was losing lots of heat through convection. \u00a0At the time, my daughter was working on a science fair project at school. \u00a0She had to make a greenhouse from simple materials \u2013 one of which was bubble wrap. \u00a0We found it was very effective (she was able to heat it to 160 degrees Fahrenheit!) to wrap the bubble wrap around our device, with the transparent bubbles both allowing sunlight through to the device and providing a trapping effect that kept the heat on the surface of the device.<\/p>\n

Ultimately, we ran into some difficulties with the idea, though. \u00a0In the porous material, we found cell formation, bio-forming, and particle-forming. \u00a0This is where the J-WAFS Solutions funding came in. \u00a0It allowed us to really look into how we could explore the application of technology to solve these roadblocks. \u00a0That\u2019s where our current ideas evolved from.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 Is this project linked to the desalination work you\u2019ve previously undertaken, looking at floating desalination mats?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gang:<\/em> \u00a0Yes, this solution could also be used for desalination. \u00a0When you super-heat water into steam, the water that condenses from that steam is essentially pure \u2013 it doesn\u2019t have the salts and biomass that were there before it was heated. \u00a0In fact, the system performance of this latest solution is, in terms of efficiency, very similar to what we had before. \u00a0And the advantage of this latest solution is that it avoids the bio-forming problems we encountered in the past.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 Is there scope to develop a dual-use for this solution, with the steam being used to power something \u2013 perhaps a turbine \u2013 and the resulting condensed water available to local populations in resource-restricted settings?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gang: \u00a0<\/em>Yes, that\u2019s an excellent point. \u00a0We\u2019re looking in our market study to see where we could do this and kill two birds with one stone. \u00a0We have to think about lots of things. \u00a0For example, we could use it for electricity generation but we need\u00a0to consider the cost of the turbine. \u00a0These are all things we have to spend time evaluating from a market opportunity and economic cost perspective.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 Could you co-locate desalination plants and this technology in some way to generate the power to power the plant?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gang:<\/em> \u00a0Reverse Osmosis requires lots of energy to create the pressure needed, and I don\u2019t know yet if we can achieve that. \u00a0There is certainly the potential to use this technology in desalination, but we need to further our understanding of what\u2019s the right size and location of this approach with our solution, and then compare those costs to reverse osmosis or multi-stage flash distillation \u2013 the two main desalination technologies in use today.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 How important was the J-WAFS funding in enabling you to move your work forward?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gang:<\/em> \u00a0It was extremely important and hugely appreciated. \u00a0It is hard to secure real government funding for this type of work, and the J-WAFS funding enabled us to keep the project going and continue to have students working on it. \u00a0Without that, our latest idea would never have materialized. \u00a0J-WAFS was also very helpful in helping us to think more commercially about our potential markets. \u00a0It was very, very, beneficial \u2013 so much so that we acknowledged the ongoing J-WAFS contribution in our latest paper, even though that work was done after the J-WAFS funding finished.<\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 What are your priorities over the next year? \u00a0How do you hope to move forward?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Gang\"Gang:<\/em> \u00a0We have students interested in seriously evaluating the market opportunities. \u00a0Identifying the best market for the technology is now a major priority. \u00a0We\u2019re looking for an entry market, so we can translate this technology into a real-world solution.<\/p>\n

Our other ambition is more technical and focuses more on how we can improve the efficiency of the system for different applications.<\/p>\n

We\u2019re also looking to secure a larger demonstration of the technology to showcase it to potential commercial partners and investors.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Q:\u00a0 How close are you to being able to take your product to market?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gang:<\/em> \u00a0Judging timescales is always very difficult in research. \u00a0The most important thing for us is making sure we\u2019re comfortable that we\u2019re addressing the right market. \u00a0Over the next 12 months, I hope we\u2019ll make some good progress there.<\/p>\n

\"How<\/p>\n

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