{"id":94008,"date":"2021-11-10T10:57:33","date_gmt":"2021-11-10T10:57:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/?post_type=perspective&p=94008"},"modified":"2022-04-12T10:26:55","modified_gmt":"2022-04-12T10:26:55","slug":"can-carbon-capture-free-the-world-from-co%e2%82%82","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/en\/perspective\/can-carbon-capture-free-the-world-from-co%e2%82%82\/","title":{"rendered":"Can carbon capture free the world from CO\u2082?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Can we limit global warming to 1.5 degrees<\/a>? \u00a0As carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emitters, humanity is without rival.\u00a0 Staggeringly, over half of the CO\u2082 released in the last 300 years has been added since 1980[1]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0 Fortunately, we’re also getting better at removing it.\u00a0 That’s just as well because it will take decades to decarbonize by cutting emissions alone.<\/p>\n

Could carbon capture and storage be the answer to a shorter-term solution?<\/p>\n

What is carbon capture and storage?<\/h2>\n

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) captures CO\u2082 emitted by industrial processes and power generation.\u00a0 The CO\u2082 is compressed, transported, and stored in underground rock formations.\u00a0 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) converts the CO\u2082 into commercially viable products.<\/p>\n

\"Carbon<\/p>\n

According to a report from the International Energy Agency (IEA<\/a>), “Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is the only group of technologies that contributes both to reducing emissions in key sectors directly and to removing CO<\/em>\u2082<\/em> to balance emissions that are challenging to avoid \u2013 a critical part of net-zero goals.”<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"Carbon capture is a proven technology that has been in operation for almost 50 years.<\/p>\n

But it\u2019s woefully underused.<\/p>\n

According to the Global CCS Institute<\/a>\u2019s 2019 report, there were just 51 CCS facilities globally, only 19 of which were in operation.\u00a0 The majority are in the United States and Canada, with the remainder in Europe and Asia.\u00a0 There are just two CCUS-equipped power plants, both of which are in North America.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Commercial uses for CO\u2082<\/h3>\n

Most CCUS projects sell CO\u2082 to oil companies for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR).\u00a0 CO\u2082 can also be used to produce synthetic fuels, chemicals, building materials, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, and, of course, carbonated drinks.\u00a0 New or growth markets could include the use of CO\u2082 as a feedstock or as working fluid in some processes (including in power generation), conversion to polymers or carbonates, concrete curing, and mineral carbonation.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Focusing on the biggest emitters<\/h2>\n

As discussed in the Spotlight article on decarbonization<\/a> by Abdul Latif Jameel<\/a>\u2019s Deputy Chairman and Vice President, Fady Jameel<\/a>, carbon capture is vital to achieving net-zero emissions \u2013 and one of the cheapest ways to achieve it at current commodities prices.\u00a0 The IEA believes CCUS is one of four key pillars in the global energy transition, alongside renewable electricity, bioenergy, and hydrogen[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

The four main uses for carbon capture are:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Decarbonizing heavy industry:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Heavy industry accounts for over 20% of global CO\u2082 emissions[3]<\/sup><\/a>, a topic explored in more depth in our Perspectives article on decarbonizing industry<\/a>.\u00a0 Unfortunately, it’s often technically tricky or too costly to reduce carbon emissions in manufacturing products like steel, chemicals, and cement.\u00a0 These processes rely on intense heat where renewable electricity can’t yet compete with fossil fuels[4]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0 In lieu of alternatives, carbon capture is essential.\u00a0 CCUS is also the only solution for processing natural gas, which contains large amounts of CO\u2082 that must be removed before use.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Retrofitting existing facilities:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Without modifications, today\u2019s power stations and industrial plants could generate nearly two decades worth of CO\u2082 (600 GtCO\u2082) during their remaining lifespans.\u00a0 Coal power stations, in particular, accounted for almost one-third of global CO\u2082 emissions in 2019 \u2014 and up to 60% could still be operation in 2050.[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0 Steel isn\u2019t much better. \u00a0CCUS is the only way these plants can maintain their current output\u2014and protect local economies \u2014 while dramatically reducing emissions.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Creating low-carbon hydrogen fuel:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        CCUS provides a cost-effective way to produce hydrogen, a clean-burning gas that can replace fossil fuels in the power, transport, industry, and built environment sectors.\u00a0 Hydrogen\u2019s energy density makes it a viable alternative to fossils fuels in aviation. \u00a0(The only other option is sustainable biomass, but there\u2019s not a huge supply.)<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Pulling carbon out of the air:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          It’s tricky to capture carbon from some processes.\u00a0 Fortunately, CO\u2082 can be extracted from the air, either trapping it within sustainable biomass or using direct air capture and storage.\u00a0 These are increasingly popular options for businesses seeking to offset historical emissions.\u00a0 Shopify, Canada’s largest company, recently announced it would capture 10,000 metric tons of CO\u2082[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          Cheaper, but not cheap enough?<\/h2>\n

          As the IEA highlights, reducing emissions will be prohibitively expensive without carbon capture.\u00a0 In a report on the cost of carbon capture, it states:<\/p>\n

          \u201cLimiting the availability of CCUS would considerably increase the cost and complexity of the energy transition by increasing reliance on technologies that are currently more expensive and at earlier stages of development.\u00a0 One such example is the electrification of very high-temperature heat furnaces used for cement production and virgin steelmaking.[7]<\/strong><\/a>\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

          However, CCUS isn’t cheap.\u00a0 Significant upfront investment is required to upgrade or retrofit facilities and establish transport and storage infrastructure.\u00a0 Oversized facilities provide the best economies of scale but are more expensive to commission; it can be difficult to secure financing and share commercial risk across projects, (and anything that erodes margins is a problem for keenly priced commodities like steel).\u00a0<\/p>\n

          Carbon capture is often seen as legitimizing fossil fuels, which, coupled with the dramatic fall in wind and solar power prices, can make the technology less attractive to industry and the public.\u00a0 Then there’s the \u2018chicken-and-egg\u2019 scenario to overcome: there’s no point capturing CO\u2082 unless there’s somewhere to store it.\u00a0 And there’s no point investing in storage without a supply of CO\u2082.\u00a0 To make matters worse, COVID-19 and the resulting economic downturn have impacted investment and reduced the demand for CO\u2082 in enhanced oil recovery, currently the biggest revenue source for CCUS.<\/p>\n

          \"\"<\/p>\n

          All of these challenges are compounded by the need to move fast to hit emissions reduction targets.\u00a0 So, is a massive scale-up of carbon capture even feasible?<\/p>\n

          Government to the rescue<\/h2>\n

          Some challenges can\u2019t be overcome by markets alone.\u00a0 CCUS has never exceeded 0.5% of global investment in clean energy and efficiency technology[8]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0 Urgent government action is essential to support the carbon capture market and dramatically increase the number of facilities.\u00a0 There is no one-size-fits-all solution, but governments can draw on a combination of measures to support innovation and ramp up carbon capture operations, including grants, tax credits, carbon pricing, subsidies, regulation, and public procurement of low-carbon products from CCUS plants.<\/p>\n

          We\u2019re seeing progress.\u00a0 In particular, the increasing adoption of net-zero emissions targets is helping to reinforce the case for carbon capture.\u00a0 As of August 2020, 14 countries and the EU had adopted or proposed zero-emissions targets \u2013 with 100 other countries preparing to follow suit[9]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0 Various policy incentives are also making carbon capture more financially viable.\u00a0 In the US, the expanded 45Q tax credit (introduced in 2018) provides attractive incentives for CO\u2082 stored or used in EOR[10]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0 The EU Innovation Fund makes billions of euros available to support CCUS and other clean energy projects from 2020[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          According to the IEA, governments and industry committed more than US$ 4.5 billion to CCUS in 2020, despite the COVID-19 pandemic.[12]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0 30 CCUS facilities have been announced since 2017 \u2013 worth around US$ 27 billion.\u00a0 Most are in the United States and Europe, but others are in Australia, China, Korea, the Middle East, and New Zealand. \u00a0According to the IEA, if all these projects proceed, the amount of global CO\u2082 capture capacity would more than triple, to around 130 Mt per year[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          Innovation and investment<\/h2>\n

          In addition to government support, private investment and R&D are helping to make carbon capture a more commercially attractive proposition:<\/p>\n

          Falling costs:<\/strong>\u00a0 There are just two commercial coal plants with carbon capture, but the difference between them highlights the cost-saving potential of innovation.\u00a0 Carbon capture is 30% cheaper at Houston\u2019s Petra Nova plant, commissioned in 2017, compared to Canada\u2019s Boundary Dam facility, which has been in operation since 2014.\u00a0 However, at US$ 65\/t, it\u2019s still relatively expensive to what\u2019s now possible. \u00a0According to the International CCS Knowledge Centre, retrofitting a coal-fired power plant today could cost around US$ 45\/t.\u00a0 This is likely to increase the more there are. \u00a0Up to 10 coal power plants are planned for retrofit across China, Korea, and the US.<\/p>\n

          More investment and incentives:\u00a0 <\/strong>According to the IEA, \u201cglobal private funding for CO\u2082 use start-ups reached nearly US$ 1 billion over the last decade\u201d.\u00a0 Competitions like the NRG COSIA Carbon XPrize<\/a> are incentivizing innovative CO\u2082 conversion technologies and CO\u2082 use applications.<\/p>\n

          More research in Direct Air Capture technology (DAC):\u00a0 <\/strong>There are several small-scale DAC facilities currently in operation and more on the way.\u00a0 Leading developers have raised around US$ 180 million of private capital and over US$ 170 million in public funding for research and development into DAC technology.\u00a0 The Swiss company, Climeworks, is currently expanding its Direct Air Capture with Carbon Storage (DACCS) plant in Iceland, which will capture thousands of tons of CO\u2082 per year as part of the CarbFix2 project[14]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Hellisheidi Power Plant, Iceland – Photo Credit \u00a9 Arni Saeberg \u00a0In 2020, Climeworks, its Icelandic counterpart CarbFix, and ON Power, Icelandic geothermal energy provider, signed agreements to lay the foundation for a new plant that will significantly scale-up carbon removal and storage in Iceland \u00a0able to permanently remove 4,000 tons of CO\u2082 from the air annually.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          In Texas, Carbon Engineering has partnered with Occidental Petroleum to build a CCUS plant that will capture around one million tons of CO\u2082 per year and use it for enhanced oil recovery.[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          The bigger, the better<\/h2>\n

          For carbon capture to make commercial sense and ramp up rapidly, it needs extensive shared infrastructure. Around 12 such ‘CCUS hubs’ are currently in development in Australia, Europe, and the US, many of which are linked to low-hydrogen production.<\/p>\n

          CCUS hubs reduce commercial and financial risk by sharing capture, transport, and storage costs across the CCUS chain.\u00a0 They are deliberately oversized, which makes them initially expensive but cheaper in the long run.\u00a0 Hubs make it more feasible to capture CO\u2082 at smaller sites that otherwise wouldn’t have dedicated transport and storage.\u00a0 They also protect jobs, existing infrastructure, and supply chains.<\/p>\n

          Three major projects demonstrate the potential value of carbon capture at scale:<\/p>\n

          Norway\u2019s Northern Lights<\/strong> project is a joint venture between Shell, Total, and Equinor.\u00a0 The project will capture industrial CO\u2082 from multiple sites and ship it to an onshore terminal on the Norwegian coast, where it will be transported by pipeline to offshore storage beneath the North Sea[16]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0 Northern Lights is part of the \u2018Longship\u2019 initiative, to which the Norwegian government has committed 16.8 billion kroner (US$ 1.8 billion)[17]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          The UK\u2019s Zero Carbon Humber<\/strong> project uses a saline aquifer called \u2018Endurance\u2019\u20141.6 km below the seabed of the North Sea\u2014which is capable of storing vast quantities of CO\u2082[18]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0 The public and private sector funded proposal, which includes National Grid, Drax, and Equinor, is worth around \u00a375 million and will accelerate decarbonization in the UK’s most carbon-intensive industrial region, the Humber Estuary.\u00a0 According to National Grid, the UK’s electricity generation could become carbon negative by 2033 if it combines carbon capture with more renewable energy.<\/p>\n

          \u201cThe Humber region offers unmatched potential to protect and grow jobs and decarbonize the UK\u2019s largest industrial heartland.\u00a0 A key to unlocking that potential will be to deliver the transport and storage infrastructure that will incentivize industrial emitters to adopt carbon capture technology,\u201d<\/em> says Jon Butterworth, Managing Director, National Grid Ventures.<\/p>\n

          \"\"<\/p>\n

          Canada\u2019s Alberta Carbon Trunk Line (ACTL)<\/strong> is the world\u2019s largest capacity pipeline for CO\u2082.\u00a0 ACTL can transport up to 14.6 million tons of CO\u2082 per year, \u201crepresenting approximately 20% of all current oil sands emissions or equal to the impact of capturing the CO\u2082 from more than 3 million cars in Alberta.\u201d\u00a0 Almost 90% of the 240 km pipeline\u2019s capacity is designed for future CO\u2082 sources[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          Carbon capture is critical, but only if we act now<\/h2>\n

          Carbon capture alone will not solve global warming.\u00a0 That will require a concerted global effort to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions by measures such as expanding renewable energy<\/a>; decarbonizing industry<\/a> and energy<\/a>; introducing new mobility systems<\/a>, rethinking food security<\/a>; strengthening water systems<\/a> and redesigning our cities<\/a>. \u00a0Nevertheless, it\u2019s hard to imagine meeting zero-carbon targets without the wide-ranging applications and retrofitting potential of CCU, particularly for hard-to-reduce emissions.\u00a0<\/p>\n

          The technology already exists to a large extent, but it requires collaboration, coordination and partnerships at the highest levels of industry, commerce, government and community to drive long-term transformation.<\/p>\n

          Abdul Latif Jameel<\/a> is committed to overcoming the challenges that lie ahead, not least through our pioneering projects in solar and wind energy through our flagship renewable energy business, Fotowatio Renewable Ventures<\/a> (FRV), and our fast-growing work to addressing water availability, through Almar Water Solutions.<\/a> \u00a0We are also working with other leading global private businesses in the Clean, Renewable and Environmental Opportunities Syndicate<\/a> to help catalyze both business and government investment into solutions to combat climate change.<\/p>\n

          Carbon capture may not be the long-term answer. \u00a0But it could be part of the short-term solution to decarbonizing industry and keeping the global warming goals of the Paris Agreement in sight. \u00a0Provided government incentives and private investment enable carbon capture to reach scale in the next decade, the technology could prove vital to the green energy transition.<\/p>\n

          [1]<\/a> https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/news\/2915\/the-atmosphere-getting-a-handle-on-carbon-dioxide\/<\/a><\/p>\n

          [2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/energy-technology-perspectives-2020<\/a><\/p>\n

          [3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions<\/a><\/p>\n

          [4]<\/a> How industry can move toward a low-carbon future<\/a>, McKinsey, July 2018<\/p>\n

          [5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/ccus-in-clean-energy-transitions\/a-new-era-for-ccus#growing-ccus-momentum<\/a><\/p>\n

          [6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/direct-air-capture-of-CO\u2082-is-suddenly-a-carbon-offset-option\/<\/a><\/p>\n

          [7]<\/a> The Role of CO2 Storage \u2013 Analysis – IEA<\/a><\/p>\n

          [8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/ccus-in-clean-energy-transitions\/a-new-era-for-ccus<\/a><\/p>\n

          [9]<\/a> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2020\/12\/1078612<\/a><\/p>\n

          [10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalccsinstitute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/45Q_Brief_in_template_LLB.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

          [11]<\/a> https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/policies\/innovation-fund_en<\/a><\/p>\n

          [12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/commentaries\/is-carbon-capture-too-expensive<\/a><\/p>\n

          [13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/fuels-and-technologies\/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage<\/a><\/p>\n

          [14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.carbfix.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n

          [15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.american.edu\/sis\/centers\/carbon-removal\/fact-sheet-direct-air-capture.cfm<\/a><\/p>\n

          [16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.equinor.com\/en\/what-we-do\/northern-lights.html<\/a><\/p>\n

          [17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsenergybusiness.com\/news\/norwegian-longship-project\/<\/a><\/p>\n

          [18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.zerocarbonhumber.co.uk\/<\/a><\/p>\n

          [19]<\/a> https:\/\/actl.ca\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":94009,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCarbon Capture and Storage | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emitters, humanity is without rivals. Could carbon capture and storage be the answer to a shorter-term solution? Know more.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alj.com\/en\/perspective\/can-carbon-capture-free-the-world-from-co\u2082\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Carbon Capture and Storage | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emitters, humanity is without rivals. 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