{"id":107782,"date":"2023-04-19T11:22:27","date_gmt":"2023-04-19T11:22:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alj.com\/?post_type=perspective&p=107782"},"modified":"2023-07-05T10:56:46","modified_gmt":"2023-07-05T10:56:46","slug":"hidroenerjiden-yararlanma","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/hidroenerjiden-yararlanma\/","title":{"rendered":"Hidroenerjiden yararlanma"},"content":{"rendered":"

Suyun hareket etmesiyle elde edilen hidroenerji, toplumumuzun kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki sorun olan iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in en umut verici \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerden biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

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BM 6. \u00c7evre \u0130cra Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc ve Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Sekreter M\u00fcste\u015far\u0131. Norve\u00e7 \u00c7evre ve Uluslararas\u0131 Kalk\u0131nma Eski Bakan\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BM eski diplomat\u0131 ve Norve\u00e7 \u00c7evre ve Uluslararas\u0131 Kalk\u0131nma eski Bakan\u0131 say\u0131n Erik Solheim yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cS\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir hidroenerji ile net s\u0131f\u0131r hedeflerini ger\u00e7e\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebiliriz. Yenilenebilir ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir enerji sistemi olu\u015fturabiliriz<\/em>\u201d ifadelerini kulland\u0131[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Net s\u0131f\u0131r karbon emisyonu hedefine ula\u015fmak amac\u0131yla hidroenerji te\u015fvik kampanyas\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen Solheim, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve di\u011fer fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesinin ve enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 teknolojiler aras\u0131nda se\u00e7im yapmaktan ziyade t\u00fcm ye\u015fil enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n benimsenmesi anlam\u0131na gelece\u011fini savunuyor.<\/p>\n

Solheim ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen arg\u00fcman, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck yenilenebilir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olan hidroenerjinin, emisyonlar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na zaten muazzam bir katk\u0131da bulunuyor olmas\u0131 ve k\u00f6m\u00fcre k\u0131yasla d\u00f6rt milyar tona kadar ek sera gaz\u0131 emisyonunu \u00f6nlemesidir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131labilir. Hidroenerji, yaln\u0131zca d\u00fcnya genelindeki potansiyel hidroenerji sahalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in teknik bilgi ve teknoloji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da net s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayabilir.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fcmenin ate\u015flenmesi<\/h2>\n

Hidroenerjinin k\u00f6kleri \u00e7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flara dayan\u0131r. Yunanl\u0131lar 2000 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce bu\u011fday\u0131 \u00f6\u011f\u00fctmek i\u00e7in su tekerlekleri kullan\u0131rken M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda sulama i\u00e7in Ar\u015fimet\u2019in su vidalar\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendis Bernard Forest de B\u00e9lidor (1698-1761) hidrolik ve balistik bilimini geli\u015ftirmede \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Modern hidroenerji t\u00fcrbininin geli\u015fimi, 1700\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Frans\u0131z hidrolik ve askeri m\u00fchendis Bernard Forest de B\u00e9lidor\u2019un m\u00fchendislik mekani\u011fi, de\u011firmenler ve su \u00e7arklar\u0131, pompalar, limanlar ve deniz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ilkelerini a\u00e7\u0131klayan d\u00f6rt ciltlik Architecture Hydraulique<\/em>[2]<\/a> (Hidroli\u011fin Mimarisi) eserini yazmas\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda, hidroenerji tasar\u0131m\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi bir\u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hidroenerji santrali, t\u00fcrbinleri kullanarak suyun hareketinden elektrik \u00fcretiyordu[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca ABD, artan enerji talebini kar\u015f\u0131lamada ne kadar etkili olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stererek hidroenerjinin benimsenmesinde d\u00fcnyaya \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkan Roosevelt, 1930\u2019lardaki Yeni D\u00fczen (New Deal) program\u0131nda Hoover ve Grand Coulee barajlar\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok ama\u00e7l\u0131 bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli projenin in\u015fa edilmesini desteklemi\u015f, b\u00f6ylece 1940 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u00fclkenin elektrik \u00fcretiminin %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131n hidroenerjiden elde edilmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1940\u2019lardan 1970\u2019lere kadar Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Kuzey Amerika ve Japonya\u2019da devlete ait kamu hizmetleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6nemli hidroenerji tesisleri in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Hoover Baraj\u0131. Foto\u011fraf Sahibi \u00a9 Ryan Thorpe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Brezilya ve \u00c7in, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son birka\u00e7 y\u0131l\u0131nda hidroenerji alan\u0131nda d\u00fcnya lideri haline gelerek ekonomilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine ve al\u00fcminyum eritme tesisleri ve \u00e7elik \u00fcretim tesisleri gibi enerji yo\u011fun end\u00fcstrilerin geli\u015fmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar son 20 y\u0131lda toplam kapasitesi k\u00fcresel olarak %70 artan hidroenerji, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve do\u011fal gazdan sonra \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc en b\u00fcy\u00fck kaynak olarak k\u00fcresel elektrik \u00fcretiminde alt\u0131nc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Hidroenerji santralleri<\/h2>\n

Bug\u00fcn, d\u00fcnya genelinde faaliyette olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da farkl\u0131 hidroenerji teknolojisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Karasal hidroenerji santralleri \u00fc\u00e7 ana t\u00fcrdedir[5]<\/a>. Nehir ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 tesisleri, jenerat\u00f6rleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in su ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Normalde s\u00fcrekli bir enerji ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flarlar, ancak uzun s\u00fcre su depolayamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca nehir ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 oranda bir g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flayabilirler.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer iki karasal hidroenerji santrali t\u00fcr\u00fc daha esnektir. Tepe yamac\u0131ndaki su depolar\u0131, gerekti\u011finde t\u00fcrbinlere g\u00fc\u00e7 vermek i\u00e7in serbest b\u0131rak\u0131labilecek \u015fekilde suyu depolar. Pompal\u0131 Depolama Tesisleri (PSP), \u015farj edilebilir su ak\u00fcleri olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6ren su depolar\u0131d\u0131r. Talep d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckken g\u00fc\u00e7 fazlas\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda depoya su pompalarlar ve talep y\u00fcksekken bunu azaltarak t\u00fcrbinden elde edilen enerjiyi elektrik \u00fcretimine y\u00f6nlendirirler.<\/p>\n

Pompal\u0131 bir hidroenerji tesisinin enerji depolama kapasitesi iki su deposunun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; \u00fcretilen g\u00fc\u00e7 miktar\u0131ysa t\u00fcrbinin boyutuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kabaca iki olimpik y\u00fczme havuzu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ve aralar\u0131nda 500\u00a0<\/strong>metrelik bir y\u00fckseklik fark\u0131 olan iki su deposu bulunan bir tesis, 3\u00a0megavat (MW) kapasite sa\u011flayabilir ve 3,5 megavat saate (MWsa) kadar elektrik depolayabilir. Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131 (IEA<\/a>), Pompal\u0131 Depolama Tesislerinin 2030\u2019a kadar k\u00fcresel hidroenerji kapasite geni\u015flemesinin %30 veya 65 GW\u2019l\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu oran\u0131n geleneksel ak\u00fclerin depolama kapasitesini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde a\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ediyor[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc hidroenerji t\u00fcr\u00fc gelgit g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve bu da yeni bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Gelgit enerjisi, 1068 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanan K\u0131yamet Kitab\u0131 (Domesday Book) isimli eserde bahsedilen Eling Getgit De\u011firmeni[7]<\/a> gibi su de\u011firmenlerinde y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Prensibi basittir; gelgit y\u00fckseldi\u011finde tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc kap\u0131lara do\u011fru suyu iter ve de\u011firmen havuzunu doldurur, ard\u0131ndan gelgit sular\u0131 \u00e7ekilirken su \u00e7ark\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7 vermek i\u00e7in biriktirilen su serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gelgit baraj\u0131[8]<\/a> ve gelgit lag\u00fcn d\u00fczenleri ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, gelgit y\u00fckseldi\u011finde suyu hapseder ve ard\u0131ndan t\u00fcrbinlerin bulundu\u011fu kanallardan ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in suyu serbest b\u0131rak\u0131r. Gelgit ak\u0131\u015f jenerat\u00f6rleri, r\u00fczgar t\u00fcrbinleri gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece gelgit sular\u0131 i\u00e7eri ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akarken t\u00fcrbinin \u00e7arklar\u0131n\u0131 iter. Dinamik gelgit g\u00fcc\u00fc d\u00fczenleri, k\u0131y\u0131ya do\u011fru dik a\u00e7\u0131yla uzanan uzun duvarlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Gelgit duvardan ge\u00e7erken, duvar\u0131n bir taraf\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015farak tepe olu\u015fturur. Y\u00fcksekteki bu suyun duvardan sadece jenerat\u00f6rlerden ge\u00e7en belirli yollardan akmas\u0131na izin verilir.<\/p>\n

Net s\u0131f\u0131ra katk\u0131da bulunma<\/h2>\n

Hidroenerjiyi bu kadar \u00e7ekici k\u0131lan \u00f6zellik, bitmek bilmeyen bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 olan yer \u00e7ekimine dayanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Su, yaln\u0131zca yer \u00e7ekimi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu da hidroenerjiyi, fosil yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rmaya ve net s\u0131f\u0131r karbon emisyonu hedefini kar\u015f\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir elektrik \u015febekesinde g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczgar enerjisi i\u00e7in ideal bir tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 haline getirir.<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve do\u011fal gaz gibi di\u011fer enerji santrallerine k\u0131yasla \u00fcretimlerini h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde art\u0131ran veya azaltan \u00e7o\u011fu hidroenerji santrali, talepteki de\u011fi\u015fikliklere \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yan\u0131t verebilir. Yani g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve r\u00fczgar esmedi\u011finde hidroenerji devreye girerek g\u00fcne\u015f veya r\u00fczgar enerjisi kaynaklar\u0131ndaki herhangi bir eksikli\u011fi telafi edebilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"Talep \u00fczerine b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu elektrik tedarik etme potansiyeliyle hidroenerji, g\u00fcvenli ve temiz elektrik sistemleri in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Net S\u0131f\u0131r: K\u00fcresel Enerji Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in bir Yol Haritas\u0131<\/em>[9]<\/a> isimli IEA raporu, hidroenerjiyi \u201cg\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu elektrik kaynaklar\u0131ndan\u201d biri ve net s\u0131f\u0131ra ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in \u201cgerekli bir kurulum\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

IEA rakamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re[10]<\/a>, hidroenerji santralleri d\u00fcnyan\u0131n esnek elektrik kayna\u011f\u0131 kapasitesinin neredeyse %30\u2019unu olu\u015fturuyor, ancak daha da fazlas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama potansiyeline sahipler.<\/p>\n

Ancak IEA raporu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k haberler veriyor.<\/p>\n

Olumlu y\u00f6nlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda hidroenerjinin ekonomik olarak uygulanabilir potansiyelinin yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131na el de\u011fmemi\u015f olarak durdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor[11]<\/a>. Bu potansiyel, y\u00fckselen ekonomilerde ve geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomilerde \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olup neredeyse %60\u2019a ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ancak hem Kuzey Amerika\u2019daki hem de Avrupa\u2019daki tesisler ortalama olarak 45 ya\u015f\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Beklenen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6mr\u00fc 55 y\u0131ll\u0131k olan bu tesisler, verimli bir \u015fekilde yenilenebilir enerji \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u015fimdi b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlara ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor. Mevcut tesislerdeki modernizasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bu on y\u0131ldaki toplam hidroenerji yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse %90\u2019\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor ancak bu bile yeterli olmayabilir.<\/p>\n

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Hidroenerji politikas\u0131<\/h2>\n

Hem yerel hem de uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde hidroenerji projelerinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklar\u0131ndan biri, herkese fayda sa\u011flayan adil bir orta nokta bulmakt\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman kazananlar ve kaybedenlerin aras\u0131nda net bir \u00e7izgi vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Brezilya ve Paraguay\u2019\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan Itaipu Baraj\u0131, Paraguay\u2019\u0131n 1965\u2019teki Brezilya i\u015fgalini sona erdirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6dedi\u011fi bir bedeldi[12]<\/a>. O kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00f6l yaratt\u0131 ki o zamana kadar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek \u015felalesi olan Guair\u00e1 \u015eelaleleri sular alt\u0131nda kald\u0131. Itaipu Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, Paraguay yar\u0131 pay hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu enerjinin kendi ba\u015f\u0131na t\u00fcketmedi\u011fi her megavat\u0131n\u0131 Brezilya\u2019ya satmak zorundad\u0131r ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelere sat\u0131\u015f yasakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Baraj\u0131n ve 14.000 MW\u2019l\u0131k hidroenerji santralinin in\u015fas\u0131, Paraguay h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin alt\u0131ndan kalkamayaca\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6demesini ancak 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapabilece\u011fi 2 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda bir kredi almak zorunda kalmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019in hidroenerji tutkusu, Yellow ve Yangtze gibi yaln\u0131zca \u00c7in\u2019de akan nehirlerde de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda denize akarken bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeden ge\u00e7en Mekong ve Brahmaputra gibi di\u011fer nehirlerde de b\u00fcy\u00fck barajlar in\u015fa etmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[13]<\/a>. Mekong\u2019da halihaz\u0131rda \u00c7in\u2019e ait 11 baraj var ve sekiz tane daha yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlan\u0131yor. 2021\u2019deki bir kurakl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131nda nehrin sular\u0131 o kadar azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hidroenerji santralini kapatmas\u0131 gerekti ve de\u011fi\u015fen su debisi neticesinde artan tuzlu su nedeniyle Vietnam\u2019\u0131n tah\u0131l ambar\u0131 olan Mekong deltas\u0131 ve Kambo\u00e7ya bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00c7evresel endi\u015feler baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin yeni hidroenerji projelerinin ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131p ba\u015flat\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Mo\u011folistan\u2019da \u00c7in\u2019in finanse etti\u011fi 90 MW\u2019l\u0131k Erdenburen tesisi, bu mega projenin Ramsar sulak alanlar\u0131na zarar verme ve yerel topluluklar\u0131 yok etme potansiyeli ile ilgili endi\u015fe duyan gruplar\u0131n itirazlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. Bunlar ya\u015fan\u0131rken, Kas\u0131m 2022\u2019de ABD Federal Enerji D\u00fczenleme Komisyonu, nesli t\u00fckenmekte olan bal\u0131klar\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden hayata d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in ABD tarihindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck baraj kald\u0131rma giri\u015fimi olarak California-Oregon s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki d\u00f6rt baraj\u0131n devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 emrini verdi[14]<\/a>. Bu giri\u015fimle, Chinook somonunun ve nesli t\u00fckenmekte olan coho somonunun Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019ndan ak\u0131nt\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 ilerleyerek ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcreme alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve yavru bal\u0131klar\u0131n denize geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Klamath Nehri\u2019nin rehabilite edilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Elektrik da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketi PacifiCorp, baraj\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 200 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 katk\u0131da bulunurken, Californial\u0131 se\u00e7menler eyalet i\u00e7in ek 250 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir ek fonu onaylad\u0131[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"Bu gibi konulara ili\u015fkin endi\u015feler ve baraj yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresel ve sosyal etkileri, Uluslararas\u0131 Hidroenerji Birli\u011fi\u2019nin (IHA<\/a>) Hidroenerji S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik De\u011ferlendirme Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc (HSAP) geli\u015ftirmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

HSAP, 24 \u00e7evresel, sosyal, teknik ve ekonomik konuda bir hidroenerji projesinin ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn her a\u015famas\u0131nda iyi ve en iyi uygulamalar\u0131 tan\u0131mlayarak[16]<\/sup><\/a> bir projenin genel s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda daha net bir tablo sunar.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca toplumsal cinsiyet sorunlar\u0131 ve insan haklar\u0131 gibi birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131na dair birden fazla alanda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan hususlar\u0131 da i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Hidroenerjinin ironilerinden biri, b\u00fcy\u00fck potansiyeline ra\u011fmen, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin, \u00f6zellikle de hava durumu modellerinin etkilerinden en \u00e7ok etkilenen yenilenebilir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fanan kurakl\u0131klar, akarsu debilerinin azalarak \u00e7ok say\u0131da hidroenerji santralindeki su rezervlerinin normal seviyeye ula\u015famamas\u0131na neden oldu. Bunun sonucunda, 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019daki hidroenerji santrallerinin \u00fcretti\u011fi enerji miktar\u0131 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda elde edilen enerjinin olduk\u00e7a alt\u0131ndayd\u0131[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nature Climate Change<\/em>[18]<\/a>\u2019deki bir makaleye g\u00f6re ABD\u2019de, \u00f6zellikle son 1000 y\u0131l\u0131n en sert kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan muzdarip olan g\u00fcneybat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde de benzer bir tablo var. A\u011fustos 2022\u2019de federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet Nevada ve Arizona i\u00e7in bir di\u011fer su kesintisi uygulamas\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu.<\/p>\n

Amerika\u2019n\u0131n yenilenebilir enerjisinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %32\u2019si 2021\u2019de hidroenerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan elde edildi ve bunlar\u0131n %44\u2019\u00fc California, Oregon ve Washington\u2019da \u00fcretildi, ancak kurakl\u0131k \u015fimdiden etkisini g\u00f6steriyor. 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gereken su seviyesine ula\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in California, eyaletin en b\u00fcy\u00fck su rezervlerinden biri olan Oroville G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ndeki bir elektrik santralini kapatt\u0131. Genel olarak, California\u2019n\u0131n hidroenerji \u00fcretimi 2019\u2019dan bu yana %62 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve eyalet, bu a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in do\u011fal gaza ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6zler \u0130novasyonda<\/h2>\n

Hidroenerji teknolojisinde iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerini azaltabilecek ve mevcut altyap\u0131dan yararlanabilecek olumlu geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131yor. ABD\u2019deki Enerji Verimlili\u011fi ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Ofisi[19]<\/a>, mevcut elektriksiz barajlar\u0131n, kanallar\u0131n ve su yollar\u0131n\u0131n elektrik \u00fcretmesini sa\u011flayacak al\u00e7ak irtifal\u0131 hidroenerji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na fon sa\u011fl\u0131yor. \u201cAl\u00e7ak irtifal\u0131\u201d ifadesi basit\u00e7e 2 ila 20 metre aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen bir y\u00fckseklik fark\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan hidroenerji santrallerini ifade eder.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Percheron Power\u2019\u0131n kompozit Ar\u015fimet hidrodinamik vidas\u0131. Foto\u011fraf Sahibi \u00a9 Utah Devlet \u00dcniversitesi izniyle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin Percheron Power[20]<\/a>, hafif re\u00e7ine transfer kal\u0131plama ad\u0131 verilen geli\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemi kullanarak kompozit malzemelerden \u00fcretilen yeni nesil bir Ar\u015fimet hidrodinamik vida t\u00fcrbini geli\u015ftirmi\u015f ve test etmi\u015ftir. Bu malzeme, \u00e7elikle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fcretim maliyetlerine, at\u0131\u011fa ve emisyonlara sahiptir ve \u00e7elikle ayn\u0131 yap\u0131sal \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kompozit t\u00fcrbinlerin %25 ila %30 daha hafif olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Kompozit kanatlar, kal\u0131plama a\u015famas\u0131nda jelle kaplan\u0131r; b\u00f6ylece astarlara veya korozyona dayan\u0131kl\u0131 boyalara ihtiya\u00e7 duymazlar ve \u00e7elik t\u00fcrbin b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilirler.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnekte Natel Energy, Schneider Linear hydroEngine\u2122 i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenilir bir g\u00fc\u00e7 aktarma organ\u0131 tasarlad\u0131, in\u015fa etti ve faaliyete ge\u00e7irdi. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7 aktarma organ\u0131, sermaye ve bak\u0131m maliyetlerini azaltarak megavat saat ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 ABD dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda enerji maliyeti tasarrufu sa\u011flayan yeni al\u00e7ak irtifal\u0131 hidroenerji kapasitesinin geli\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yor[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gelece\u011fin finansman\u0131<\/h2>\n

Teknolojik yenilikler ancak bir yere kadar gidebilir. Teknolojik ilerlemeler hidroenerji \u00fcretimini daha verimli ve esnek hale getirmi\u015f olsa da ortalama yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyetleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015ftir. IEA daha fazla finansal yenilik g\u00f6rmek istiyor. Hidroenerjinin, elektrik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini art\u0131rmada oynayabilece\u011fi rol\u00fcn geli\u015fmi\u015f ekonomilerde de\u011ferinin yeterince anla\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hak etti\u011fi yerde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomilerse s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir hidroenerji tesisleri in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in uygun fiyatl\u0131 finansmana ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f ekonomilerin hidroenerjiden en iyi \u015fekilde yararlanabilmesi i\u00e7in devlet garantileri, uzun vadeli s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ve \u00fccret g\u00fcvencesini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in alacaklar\u0131 di\u011fer \u00f6nlemlerle yat\u0131r\u0131mla ilgili riskleri azaltmalar\u0131 gerekir[22]<\/a>. Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019da, b\u00fcy\u00fck projelerin yap\u0131labilece\u011fi en fazla \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomisi sa\u011flayan tesislerin \u00e7o\u011fu zaten geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir, ancak yeni k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hidroenerji santralleri, g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczgar enerjisi kapasitesinin entegrasyonunu sa\u011flarken d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kaynak da sa\u011flayabilir[23]<\/a>. Geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomiler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda IEA, hidroenerjinin, riski uygun payda\u015fa tahsis eden kamu ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 gibi yenilik\u00e7i i\u015f modellerine ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funu savunur[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Malcolm Turnbull, Avustralya eski ba\u015fbakan\u0131 ve Uluslararas\u0131 Hidroenerji Birli\u011fi y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyesi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hidroenerji destek\u00e7ileri hakl\u0131 olarak enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fini iyile\u015ftirme, karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltma ve refah\u0131 art\u0131rma potansiyeline sahip oldu\u011funa inanmaktad\u0131r, ancak jeopolitik zorluklar ve net finansal te\u015fviklerin eksikli\u011fi bir araya gelerek b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini engelliyor.<\/p>\n

Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n eski ba\u015fbakan\u0131 ve Uluslararas\u0131 Hidroenerji Birli\u011fi y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyesi Malcolm Turnbull, hidroenerji hakk\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi: \u201cBu teknolojiyi k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki temel engel, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi kurulumlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan t\u00fcrde uygun pazar mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n burada olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. %100 karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015febekeler sunmak i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fumuz t\u00fcm teknolojilere zaten sahibiz. \u0130htiyac\u0131m\u0131z olan \u015fey, siyasi irade.\u201d<\/em>[25]<\/a> Net s\u0131f\u0131ra do\u011fru k\u00fcresel yolculu\u011fumuz h\u0131z kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda umar\u0131m siyasi irade \u00e7ok geride kalmaz.<\/p>\n

Abdul Latif Jameel<\/a>\u2019de enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n hepimiz i\u00e7in bir \u00f6ncelik olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini biliyoruz. \u0130ster suyun g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yararlanmak ister g\u00fcne\u015fin potansiyelini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak olsun, enerjinin gelece\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde yenilenebilir enerjidedir. Bu nedenle, amiral gemisi yenilenebilir enerji i\u015fletmemiz FRV<\/a> ve onlar\u0131n enerji inovasyonu uzman\u0131 ve kulu\u00e7ka merkezi FRV-X<\/a> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u015fu anda 18 \u00fclkede faaliyet g\u00f6steriyoruz<\/a>. <\/u>FRV, 2021 ba\u015f\u0131nda 2 GW olan d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda toplam kurulu proje kapasitesini \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca ikiye katlayarak 2025 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 5 GW\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in 1,5 milyar ABD dolar\u0131ndan fazla varl\u0131\u011fa yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmay\u0131 planl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Fady Jameel
\nAbdul Latif Jameel
\nBa\u015fkan Vekili ve Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ana odak noktas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi santralleri, ak\u00fc depolama ve r\u00fczgar projeleri olmaya devam edecek olsa da FRV ayr\u0131ca t\u00fcm temiz enerji \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini kapsayacak \u015fekilde faaliyetlerinin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletiyor ve son m\u00fc\u015fterilere y\u00f6nelik ticari odak noktas\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak faaliyetlerini dikey olarak geni\u015fletiyor.<\/p>\n

Abdul Latif Jameel Ba\u015fkan Vekili ve Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Fady M. Jameel, \u201cMuhtemelen hi\u00e7bir yenilenebilir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na net s\u0131f\u0131r hedefini yakalamak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri sunamaz. <\/em><\/p>\n

Ancak hidroenerji teknolojisi, toplumumuz ve gezegenimiz i\u00e7in daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir gelece\u011fe g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in neredeyse s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olan suyu kullanarak enerji ge\u00e7i\u015finin merkezinde olma potansiyeline sahiptir.<\/em>\u201d diyor, Abdul Latif Jameel Ba\u015fkan Vekili ve Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Fady M. Jameel.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.hydropower.org\/blog\/with-hydropower-we-can-create-a-renewable-and-resilient-energy-system<\/a><\/p>\n

[2]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/water\/history-hydropower<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.hydropower.org\/blog\/blog-hydropower-growth-and-development-through-the-decades<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/83ff8935-62dd-4150-80a8-c5001b740e21\/HydropowerSpecialMarketReport.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[5]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/the-economist-explains\/2022\/12\/05\/can-hydropower-help-ease-europes-energy-crisis<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/news\/storage-technology-could-elevate-hydropower-role-global-energy-transition?utm_source=Oxford%20Business%20Group&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=13441313_ESG_Hydropower_September%201&utm_content=eu-september-2022&dm_i=1P7V,803DT,QZEKVW,WQ8U8,1<\/a><\/p>\n

[7]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.elingexperience.co.uk\/a-brief-history<\/a><\/p>\n

[8]<\/strong><\/a> http:\/\/tidalpower.co.uk\/tidal-power-schemes<\/a><\/p>\n

[9]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/7ebafc81-74ed-412b-9c60-5cc32c8396e4\/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector-SummaryforPolicyMakers_CORR.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[10]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/hydropower-special-market-report\/executive-summary<\/a><\/p>\n

[11]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/83ff8935-62dd-4150-80a8-c5001b740e21\/HydropowerSpecialMarketReport.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[12]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/the-americas\/2019\/08\/22\/a-secret-hydropower-deal-with-brazil-causes-a-political-crisis-in-paraguay<\/a><\/p>\n

[13]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/leaders\/2020\/05\/14\/if-china-wont-build-fewer-dams-it-could-at-least-share-information<\/a><\/p>\n

[14]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2022\/nov\/17\/us-dam-removal-endangered-salmon-klamath-river<\/a><\/p>\n

[15]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/united-states\/2021\/07\/08\/in-the-pacific-north-west-hydroelectric-dams-are-being-removed<\/a><\/p>\n

[16]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.hydropower.org\/publications\/hydropower-sustainability-assessment-protocol<\/a><\/p>\n

[17]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/the-economist-explains\/2022\/12\/05\/can-hydropower-help-ease-europes-energy-crisis<\/a><\/p>\n

[18]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/the-world-ahead\/2022\/11\/18\/americas-reservoirs-are-drying-up<\/a><\/p>\n

[19]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/water\/hydropower-technology-development#LowHeadHydropower<\/a><\/p>\n

[20]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/water\/articles\/21st-century-archimedes-screw-new-materials-and-manufacturing-techniques-enable<\/a><\/p>\n

[21]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/water\/hydropower-technology-development<\/a><\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/83ff8935-62dd-4150-80a8-c5001b740e21\/HydropowerSpecialMarketReport.pdf<\/a> Page 26<\/p>\n

[23]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/83ff8935-62dd-4150-80a8-c5001b740e21\/HydropowerSpecialMarketReport.pdf<\/a> Page 30<\/p>\n

[24]<\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/83ff8935-62dd-4150-80a8-c5001b740e21\/HydropowerSpecialMarketReport.pdf<\/a> Page 13<\/p>\n

<\/a>2<\/strong>5<\/sup><\/strong> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/letters\/2022\/07\/14\/letters-to-the-editor<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":107739,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHidroelektrikten \u0130stifade Etmek | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hidroelektrik, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fi gibi zorluklar i\u00e7in en parlak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. 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