{"id":112197,"date":"2023-12-15T07:07:51","date_gmt":"2023-12-15T07:07:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alj.com\/?post_type=perspective&p=112197"},"modified":"2024-04-24T07:09:39","modified_gmt":"2024-04-24T07:09:39","slug":"havaciligi-karbonsuzlastirma","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/havaciligi-karbonsuzlastirma\/","title":{"rendered":"Havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma"},"content":{"rendered":"

Havac\u0131l\u0131k end\u00fcstrisi, bir ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden daha fazlas\u0131d\u0131r. Toplumlar\u0131 \u015fekillendiren, ekonomileri y\u00f6nlendiren ve daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir gelece\u011fe olan yolculu\u011fumuzda hayati bir kataliz\u00f6r olma potansiyeline sahip g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir k\u00fcresel a\u011fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hava Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Eylem Grubu (ATAG<\/a>),[1]<\/a> Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in 17 S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Hedefinden (SDG\u2019ler) 15\u2019ine katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayarak bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc etkisinin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda toplam 87,7 milyon i\u015fi destekleyen ve 11,3 milyon do\u011frudan i\u015f sa\u011flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fcresel istihdam kap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. ATAG rakamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re havac\u0131l\u0131k, k\u00fcresel GSY\u0130H\u2019ya 3,5 trilyon ABD dolar\u0131 katk\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Havac\u0131l\u0131k bir \u00fclke olsayd\u0131, d\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck 17. ekonomi olurdu.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ancak k\u00fcresel ekonomiye yap\u0131lan bu katk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresel bir maliyeti var: Havac\u0131l\u0131k, k\u00fcresel sera gaz\u0131 (GHG) emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %2\u2019sinden ve enerjiyle ilgili CO2<\/sub> emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n %2,5\u2019inden sorumludur; bu da 2018\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyar ton CO2<\/sub> anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.[3]<\/a> Bu rakamlar karayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Sera Gazlar\u0131n\u0131n %11,9\u2019u) veya hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla (%5,8) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha az \u00f6nemli gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de bu emisyonlar\u0131n etkileri havac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde orant\u0131s\u0131z bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

U\u00e7u\u015fun etkileri yak\u0131t\u0131n yanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7iyor. U\u00e7aklar atmosferdeki \u00e7e\u015fitli gazlar\u0131n ve kirleticilerin konsantrasyonunu de\u011fi\u015ftirerek k\u0131sa ve uzun s\u00fcreli ozon seviyelerini etkiler, metan\u0131 azalt\u0131r ve su buhar\u0131, kurum, s\u00fclf\u00fcr aerosolleri ve u\u00e7ak izi (yo\u011fu\u015fma izleri) \u00fcretir. Bu etkilerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 so\u011fumaya neden olsa da genel sonu\u00e7 \u0131s\u0131nma etkisiyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, havac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n %3,5\u2019inden sorumlu oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zorluk, havac\u0131l\u0131kta d\u00fcnya ekonomisine yap\u0131lan katk\u0131y\u0131 korurken ayn\u0131 zamanda bertaraf edilmese de k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da azaltmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu zorlu\u011fu a\u015fmaya kendini adamak<\/h2>\n

\"ICAO\"Havac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fc bu sorunlar\u0131 zaten biliyor ve bu zorlu\u011fu a\u015fmaya haz\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ekim 2022\u2019de, sekt\u00f6r Uluslararas\u0131 Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (ICAO<\/a>) 41. Kurulunda 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar net s\u0131f\u0131r CO2<\/sub> emisyonuna ula\u015fmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct etti.<\/p>\n

Bu ad\u0131m\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, uzman BM kurulu\u015fu olan ICAO\u2019nun \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olarak Uluslararas\u0131 Havac\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in Karbon Dengeleme ve Azaltma Plan\u0131 (CORSIA<\/a>)[4]<\/a> 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda uygulamaya ge\u00e7ti. Buna g\u00f6re, bir hava yolu \u015firketi referans de\u011ferleri a\u015fan emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 telafi etmek i\u00e7in toplam sekt\u00f6r emisyonlar\u0131ndan pay\u0131na g\u00f6re karbon kredisi sat\u0131n almak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2023\u2019\u00fcn sonuna kadar devam eden pilot a\u015famada referans de\u011fer 2019\u2019daki[5]<\/a> end\u00fcstri emisyonlar\u0131d\u0131r ve ard\u0131ndan 2024\u2019ten itibaren referans de\u011ferler 2019’daki emisyonlar\u0131n %85\u2019ine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclecektir. Ele\u015ftirmenler, bu hava yolu \u015firketlerinin ABD\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda s\u00fcbvanse edilen ve at\u0131k pi\u015firme ya\u011f\u0131ndan az miktarda \u00fcretilen s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir havac\u0131l\u0131k yak\u0131t\u0131 (SAF) kullanarak karbon kredisi almaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nabilece\u011fini belirtti.<\/p>\n

Ama bu ele\u015ftirmenler \u00f6nemli bir noktay\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131yor: CORSIA, tek bir end\u00fcstri sekt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi alan\u0131nda k\u00fcresel pazar tabanl\u0131 bir tedbiri ilk kez kabul eden kurulu\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

S\u0131k\u0131la\u015fan yasal d\u00fczenlemeler<\/h2>\n

K\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde ilerlemeyi takdir etmek, \u00fclkelerin ve derneklerin yapabilece\u011fi bireysel katk\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmek anlam\u0131na gelmemelidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB), 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda havac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc Emisyon Ticareti Program\u0131na (ETS<\/a>) dahil etti. Hava yolu \u015firketlerinin karbon emisyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yapmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00fccretsiz \u00f6denekler, Avrupa Komisyonu’nun orijinal teklifinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclenden bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce 2026 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar a\u015famal\u0131 olarak kald\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r. 2024 i\u00e7in \u00fccretsiz tahsislerde %25 ve 2025 i\u00e7in %50 azalma planlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

CORSIA\u2019n\u0131n ele\u015ftirileri, karbon kredilerinin AB plan\u0131nda CORSIA kapsam\u0131nda verilenlerden \u00e7ok daha pahal\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve CORSIA kapsam\u0131nda ton ba\u015f\u0131na 3 ABD Dolar\u0131 yerine yakla\u015f\u0131k 90 Euro\u2019ya (96 ABD Dolar\u0131) mal oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. Ancak AB plan\u0131, ticaretle ilgili endi\u015feler nedeniyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r,[6]<\/a> CORSIA ise d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kapsamakta (grafi\u011fe bak\u0131n) ve geni\u015flemektedir. Britanya ve \u0130svi\u00e7re dahildir, ancak blo\u011fun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011fer \u00fclkelere yap\u0131lan u\u00e7u\u015flar muaf tutulacakt\u0131r. Bu, \u00e7o\u011funlukla 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in Avrupal\u0131 bir firma olan Airbus\u2019tan u\u00e7ak sat\u0131n almay\u0131 durdurmakla tehdit etti\u011fi ve AB\u2019nin t\u00fcm u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131n bu plana kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda Amerika\u2019n\u0131n plana uymamakla tehdit etti\u011fi bir duru\u015fun sonucudur.<\/p>\n

CORSIA kapsam\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Corsia<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bundan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak ders, havac\u0131l\u0131k end\u00fcstrisinin kendisinin y\u00f6netti\u011fi giri\u015fimlerin co\u011frafi temelli planlardan ziyade yayg\u0131n olarak benimsenme ihtimalinin daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 olabilir. Yine de sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6nemli unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutma kapasitesi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ster yak\u0131t \u00fcretimi, ister u\u00e7ak \u00fcretimi, ister havaalanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve hava trafi\u011finin y\u00f6netimi olsun, her bile\u015fen karma\u015f\u0131k havac\u0131l\u0131k operasyonlar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki ayr\u0131 kurulu\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilmektedir. T\u00fcm bu farkl\u0131 unsurlar aras\u0131nda tutarl\u0131 bir anla\u015fma olmadan, karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha zorlay\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r; havac\u0131l\u0131k end\u00fcstrisi ve bireysel akt\u00f6rler ancak ger\u00e7ek bir i\u015fbirli\u011fi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funda ger\u00e7ek bir fark yaratmak i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin ve sinerjinin avantajlar\u0131ndan faydalanabilir.<\/p>\n

Bu alandaki emareler cesaret vericidir. Son birka\u00e7 on y\u0131lda g\u00f6zlemlenen havac\u0131l\u0131k emisyonlar\u0131ndaki yava\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fcme, havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n verimlili\u011findeki \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelere i\u015faret ediyor. Esas\u0131nda havac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde verimlili\u011fin bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olan ve 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 125 grama d\u00fc\u015fen kilometre ba\u015f\u0131na sal\u0131nan CO2 <\/sub>miktar\u0131, 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda yirmi kat ve 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda on bir kat daha fazlayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7en yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca verimlilikteki at\u0131l\u0131mlar, u\u00e7aklardaki teknoloji ve tasar\u0131m geli\u015ftirmelerine, u\u00e7u\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na daha fazla yolcu ta\u015f\u0131yan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck u\u00e7ak boyutlar\u0131na ve sunulan koltuk kilometresi (ASK) y\u00fczdesi olan artan \u201cyolcu y\u00fck fakt\u00f6rlerine\u201d ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Daha basit bir ifadeyle, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc u\u00e7u\u015flar eskisine k\u0131yasla daha \u00e7ok insan ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Emisyon hedefleri<\/h2>\n

Havac\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fer zincirindeki bir\u00e7ok \u015firket, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7evresel hedefler i\u00e7in s\u00f6z verdi. Bunlar, taahh\u00fctlerden emisyon azaltma hedeflerine[7]<\/a> ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir havac\u0131l\u0131k yak\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n (SAF) benimsenmesine ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik odakl\u0131 koalisyonlara \u00fcyeli\u011fe kadar uzan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nemli bir \u00f6rnek, havac\u0131l\u0131k end\u00fcstrisinin \u00e7evresel hedeflerini Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n net s\u0131f\u0131r hedefleriyle uyumlu tutmada kritik bir role sahip olan Bilime Dayal\u0131 Hedefler giri\u015fimidir (SBTi<\/a>).<\/p>\n

SBTi, d\u00f6rt etkili sivil toplum kurulu\u015funu i\u00e7eren ortak bir \u00e7abad\u0131r: Karbon Saydaml\u0131k Projesi (CDP<\/a>), Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler K\u00fcresel \u0130lkeler S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/a>, D\u00fcnya Kaynaklar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (WRI<\/a>) ve D\u00fcnya Do\u011fa Vah\u015fi Ya\u015fam Fonu (WWF<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Misyonu, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar net s\u0131f\u0131r emisyona ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kurumsal emisyon azaltma hedeflerini bilimsel mutabakatla uyumlu hale getirmektir. SBTi, havac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne 1,5\u00b0C ara hedefi i\u00e7in yol g\u00f6sterdi[8]<\/a>. Bu, hava yolu \u015firketleri i\u00e7in iddial\u0131 emisyon azaltma hedefleri ortaya koymakta ve kilometre ba\u015f\u0131na ton (RTK) CO2<\/sub> miktar\u0131n\u0131 2019 seviyelerine k\u0131yasla 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar %30\u2019dan fazla ve 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar %50\u2019den fazla azaltmay\u0131 talep etmektedir. Bu, Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131 Net S\u0131f\u0131r Emisyon yolu taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen hedeflerle yak\u0131ndan uyumludur.<\/p>\n

\u015eu anda, 25 hava yolu bilime dayal\u0131 hedefler[9]<\/a> belirlemeyi taahh\u00fct etmi\u015f veya zaten belirlemi\u015ftir, ancak bunlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Amerika ve Avrupa\u2019da bulunmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcresel yolcu trafi\u011finin %30\u2019undan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden bu grubun taahh\u00fcd\u00fc, sekt\u00f6rdeki s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir uygulamalara y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fime i\u015faret ediyor. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, k\u00fcresel de\u011fer havuzunun yakla\u015f\u0131k %20\u2019sini olu\u015fturan havac\u0131l\u0131k ve savunma \u015firketleri de hedeflerini bu bilime dayal\u0131 hedefler ile uyumlu hale getirme s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi.<\/p>\n

Verimlili\u011fe odaklan\u0131l\u0131yor<\/h2>\n

Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu CO2<\/sub> emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131t noktas\u0131nda kesme, havac\u0131l\u0131k yak\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 SAF ile de\u011fi\u015ftirme veya u\u00e7aklara ak\u00fc veya hidrojen<\/a> ile g\u00fc\u00e7 vermeye odaklan\u0131yor. Ancak, payda\u015flar i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmaya haz\u0131r olduklar\u0131nda son derece etkili olabilecek ba\u015fka \u00f6nlemler de var. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir McKinsey analizine g\u00f6re, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar 2005 ve 2019 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda (COVID-19 \u00f6ncesi) yolcu-kilometre ba\u015f\u0131na yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimini yakla\u015f\u0131k %39 azaltt\u0131lar; bu da filo yenileme, y\u00fck fakt\u00f6r\u00fc, koltuk yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve yak\u0131t verimlili\u011fi programlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k %3,4[10]<\/a> oran\u0131nda bir bile\u015fik b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

Halihaz\u0131rda hava trafi\u011fi kontrol altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 modernize ederek emisyonlar\u0131 azaltacak iki b\u00fcy\u00fck giri\u015fim var: ABD\u2019deki NextGen<\/a> ve Single European Sky<\/a>[11]<\/a> program\u0131. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Federal Havac\u0131l\u0131k \u0130daresi taraf\u0131ndan denetlenen NextGen[12]<\/a>, yak\u0131t tasarrufu sa\u011flayan daha k\u0131sa, daha kesin u\u00e7u\u015f yollar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u2018Performansa Dayal\u0131 Seyr\u00fcsefer\u2019i piyasaya sunacak. AB program\u0131 ise AB ortak hava sahas\u0131 ile \u00e7o\u011fu yolculu\u011fa ekstra 49 kilometre ekleyen ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Willie Walsh, Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr, IATA \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledi:<\/p>\n

\"Willie
Willie Walsh
Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr, IATA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cSingle European Sky arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Avrupa\u2019da CO2<\/sub>\u2019yi %10 ila %12 oran\u0131nda azaltabilirsiniz ve bu bir gecede yap\u0131labilir. Teknolojiye yat\u0131r\u0131m yapman\u0131za gerek yok. <\/em><\/p>\n

En verimli rotalarda u\u00e7mak i\u00e7in gerekli teknoloji zaten u\u00e7aklar\u0131m\u0131zda var.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

U\u00e7akta inovasyon<\/h2>\n

Hava yollar\u0131n\u0131n karbon ayak izlerini azaltmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer yolu da filolar\u0131n\u0131 daha s\u0131k daha yeni, daha verimli u\u00e7aklarla g\u00fcncellemektir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u00f6zellikle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir havac\u0131l\u0131k yak\u0131t\u0131 kullanma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri veya kerosen \u00fczerindeki vergiler gibi gelecekteki olas\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundururken, emisyon seviyelerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve hatta negatif bir maliyetle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir.<\/p>\n

Hava yollar\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde mevcut olan u\u00e7ak modelleri ile filolar\u0131n\u0131n mevcut durumuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 %15 ila %20 oran\u0131nda azaltabilir. \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli say\u0131da eski u\u00e7ak, Airbus A320neo ve Boeing 777-X ailesi gibi \u00e7evre dostu yeni nesil modellerle de\u011fi\u015ftirilecek. \u00d6rne\u011fin, A320neo[13]<\/a> \u015fu anda yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131nda ve karbon emisyonlar\u0131nda %20 azalma sunan kendi boyutunda yak\u0131t a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en verimli u\u00e7akken, Boeing 777X[14]<\/a> hem yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimini hem de karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 %10 azaltmay\u0131 vaat ediyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Daha ye\u015fil yak\u0131tlar<\/h2>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 Hava Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Birli\u011fi\u2019ne (IATA) g\u00f6re, havac\u0131l\u0131k yak\u0131t\u0131ndan kaynaklanan emisyonlar\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, sekt\u00f6rden kaynaklanan karbon emisyonlar\u0131nda %65\u2019lik bir azalmaya katk\u0131da bulunacakt\u0131r[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

SAF\u2019lar\u0131 kullanarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa bu, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar net s\u0131f\u0131r emisyona ula\u015fman\u0131n en basit yolu olurdu. SAF’lar, u\u00e7ak tasar\u0131m\u0131 veya havaalan\u0131 altyap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilmeden mevcut yak\u0131t sistemlerine entegre edilebilir ve geleneksel fosil bazl\u0131 jet yak\u0131t\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, havac\u0131l\u0131k ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131, mevcut durumda oldu\u011fu gibi geleneksel jet yak\u0131t\u0131 ile harmanlanmak yerine, tek yak\u0131t olmalar\u0131 halinde %80\u2019e[16]<\/a> kadar azaltabilir.<\/p>\n

ICAO taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi SAF’lar, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik kriterlerine uyan yenilenebilir veya at\u0131ktan elde edilen yak\u0131tlard\u0131r; ancak son AB mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, SAF’\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. 2025\u2019ten itibaren bir AB havaalan\u0131ndan kalkan t\u00fcm u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131n minimum SAF pay\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu pay\u0131n 2025\u2019te %2 ile ba\u015flayarak ve 2030\u2019a kadar %6 ve 2050\u2019ye kadar kademeli olarak %70\u2019e y\u00fckselmesini gerektiren, havac\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in \u00e7evreci bir yak\u0131t d\u00fczenlemesi olan ReFuelEU\u2019yu belirlemi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00fczenleme, sentetik yak\u0131tlara (e-kerosen) \u00f6ncelik verir ve g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rabilece\u011fi veya orman tahribat\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rabilece\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u0131da mahsulleri ve palm ya\u011f\u0131 yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri gibi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 biyoyak\u0131t ham maddelerini i\u00e7ermez.<\/p>\n

\"Royal
Royal Dutch Shell, 2025 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu jet yak\u0131t\u0131 \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flayacak. \u015eu anda, havac\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fcnya genelinde sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n %3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Foto\u011fraf sahibi: \u00a9 Royal Dutch Shell<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Faydalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen SAF’lar\u0131n ekonomik uygulanabilirli\u011fi halen bir zorluktur; sentetik yak\u0131tlar jet yak\u0131t\u0131ndan 10 kat daha pahal\u0131 olabilir. Boeing CEO\u2019su David Calhoun\u2019un da dedi\u011fi gibi: \u201cHava yolculu\u011funu karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n ucuz bir yolu yoktur.\u201d<\/em>[17]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 yak\u0131t tedarik\u00e7ileri zaten SAF’lar\u0131n bu zorluklar\u0131yla m\u00fccadele etmeyi taahh\u00fct etti. \u00d6rne\u011fin Shell[18]<\/a>, SAF’lar\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in bir dizi teknolojiye yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131 ve Rotterdam\u2019da 2025 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcretime ba\u015flamas\u0131 beklenen at\u0131klardan SAF ve yenilenebilir dizel \u00fcretecek bir biyoyak\u0131t tesisi in\u015fa ediyor.<\/p>\n

Bu ilerlemelere ra\u011fmen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, teknolojiye yap\u0131lan \u00f6nemli yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ve ilerlemelerle bile SAF arz\u0131n\u0131n 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar havac\u0131l\u0131k yak\u0131t\u0131 talebini kar\u015f\u0131lamayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bain[19]<\/a> dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k firmas\u0131, pi\u015firme ya\u011f\u0131 ve hayvansal ya\u011flardan \u00fcretilen bir t\u00fcr SAF olan hidro i\u015flenmi\u015f ester ve ya\u011f asitlerinin (HEFA), s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ham maddeye sahip olmas\u0131 nedeniyle 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda jet yak\u0131t\u0131 talebinin en fazla yakla\u015f\u0131k %8\u2019ini kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 beklemektedir. Ye\u015fil hidrojenin karbondioksit ile birle\u015ftirilmesiyle \u00fcretilen sentetik veya e-yak\u0131tlar teorik olarak s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kapasite sunabilir, ancak hen\u00fcz \u00f6l\u00e7ekte kan\u0131tlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, diyerek s\u00f6zlerini sonland\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Umut hidrojende<\/h2>\n

Karbonsuz bir havac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in umutlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, s\u0131f\u0131r emisyonlu bir yak\u0131t olan hidrojende birle\u015fmektedir. Yenilenebilir enerji kullan\u0131larak su elektrolizi y\u00f6ntemi ile \u00fcretilen ye\u015fil hidrojen, kerosene s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir alternatif olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r ancak sundu\u011fu vaatlere ve \u00fcretim maliyetlerinin h\u0131zla azalmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, konsept bir yak\u0131ttan havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ek bir bile\u015fenine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi halen zordur.<\/p>\n

Airbus 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda hidrojenle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir u\u00e7ak olan ZEROe\u2019yu 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar geli\u015ftirece\u011fini duyurdu\u011funda insanlar umutlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Airbus\u2019\u0131n bu ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Rolls-Royce, easyJet ve Boeing de dahil olmak \u00fczere, hidrojen teknolojisinin geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in kollar\u0131 s\u0131vayan ba\u015fka birka\u00e7 \u015firket daha izledi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, Rolls-Royce ve easyJet hidrojenle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir u\u00e7ak motoru i\u00e7in yer testleri ba\u015flat\u0131rken Airbus, bir A380 s\u00fcperjumboyu hidrojenle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir motorla donatmak i\u00e7in GE ve Safran ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"Airbus<\/p>\n

Airbus, 2026 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda u\u00e7u\u015f testlerine ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in potansiyel olarak 100 yolculu bir u\u00e7a\u011fa g\u00fc\u00e7 verebilen hidrojen yak\u0131t h\u00fccreli motor planlar\u0131n\u0131 da duyurdu.<\/p>\n

Elektrikli bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hayali<\/h2>\n

Elektrikli havac\u0131l\u0131k<\/a>, uzun mesafeli u\u00e7u\u015flarda \u015fu anda olmasa da havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rmada b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. \u015eu anda sadece 643 km\u2019ye (400 mil) kadar olan nispeten k\u0131sa seyahatler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/p>\n

\"Ecojet\"Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019ta bir enerji \u015firketi olan Ecotricity\u2019nin kurucusu Dale Vince, 2024 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin ilk elektrikli hava yolu Ecojet<\/a>\u2019i piyasaya s\u00fcrmeye haz\u0131rlan\u0131yor. \u201cYe\u015fil Britanya i\u00e7in ulusal ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131\u201d olarak konumlanan bu hava yolu, Edinburgh ve Southampton aras\u0131nda u\u00e7an 19 koltuklu bir u\u00e7akla ilk kez sahneye \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 planl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk u\u00e7u\u015flarda kerosen bazl\u0131 yak\u0131t kullan\u0131lacak, sonraki y\u0131llarda ye\u015fil hidrojenle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan motorlara ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131lacak[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bu arada, Rolls-Royce\u2019un \u201cYenilik\u00e7i Ruh\u201d u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131[22]<\/a>, elektrikli havac\u0131l\u0131kta \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar att\u0131. \u015eirket, tamamen elektrikli u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en h\u0131zl\u0131 tamamen elektrikli arac\u0131 oldu\u011funu, \u00fc\u00e7 kilometre y\u00fckseklikte azami 555,9 km\/sa h\u0131za ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve maksimum 623 km\/sa h\u0131za ula\u015fabildi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bu u\u00e7ak, ACCEL (U\u00e7u\u015fun Elektrifikasyonunu H\u0131zland\u0131rma) projesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve 400kW (500 bg\u2019nin \u00fczerinde) tahrikli pil paketi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Joby Aviation\u2019\u0131n eVTOL’\u00fc. Foto\u011fraf sahibi: \u00a9 Joby Aviation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Benzer \u015fekilde, Abdul Latif Jameel<\/a>\u2019in yat\u0131r\u0131m kolu olan Abdul Latif Jameel Investment Management Company (JIMCO<\/a>) taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Kaliforniya merkezli bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u015firketi olan Joby Aviation<\/a>, pilotlu, tamamen elektrikli, dikey kalk\u0131\u015f ve ini\u015f yapabilen u\u00e7aklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir sermaye toplad\u0131. Tek bir \u015farjla 320 km\/sa h\u0131za ula\u015fabilen ve 240 km menzile sahip d\u00f6rt koltuklu bu u\u00e7ak, s\u0131f\u0131r emisyon \u00fcreterek ve \u00e7ok az ses \u00e7\u0131kararak veya hi\u00e7 ses \u00e7\u0131karmadan d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda uygun fiyatl\u0131 hava taksisi hizmetleri sunmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Abdul Latif Jameel\u2019in Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olan Hassan Jameel<\/a> \u201cHava taksi hizmetinin ticarile\u015ftirmesi h\u00e2l\u00e2 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131nda, ancak ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n gelece\u011fini tamamen d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme potansiyeline sahip\u201d <\/em>dedi. \u201cAyn\u0131 anda karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmas\u0131 bunu ikna edici bir teklif haline getiriyor.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Havac\u0131l\u0131kta karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma misyonu ku\u015fkusuz zor ve sorunludur ancak imkans\u0131z de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fczenlemeler daha da s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, eyleme y\u00f6nelik te\u015fvikler de art\u0131yor ve t\u00fcm payda\u015flar \u2013 yak\u0131t tedarik\u00e7ileri, \u00fcreticiler, havaalanlar\u0131, hava yollar\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k operat\u00f6rleri \u2013 bu hedefe y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma konusunda bir araya geliyor. Bu arada, teknoloji geli\u015fmeye devam ederek bu misyonun ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunacak daha da verimli bir u\u00e7ak \u00fcretiyor. Bu \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler bir araya getirilerek havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n acilen ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu karbonsuz bir gelecek in\u015fa edilebilir.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iata.org\/contentassets\/8d19e716636a47c184e7221c77563c93\/finance-net-zero-roadmap.pdf<\/a> Page 2<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/atag.org\/industry-topics\/supporting-economic-social-development<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/co2-emissions-from-aviation<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iata.org\/en\/iata-repository\/pressroom\/fact-sheets\/fact-sheet—corsia\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/finance-and-economics\/2022\/12\/15\/the-struggle-to-put-a-carbon-price-on-a-flight<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/finance-and-economics\/2022\/12\/15\/the-struggle-to-put-a-carbon-price-on-a-flight<\/a><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/aerospace-and-defense\/our-insights\/decarbonizing-aviation-executing-on-net-zero-goals<\/a><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/sciencebasedtargets.org\/news\/the-sbtis-new-interim-1-5-c-aviation-pathway<\/a><\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/aerospace-and-defense\/our-insights\/decarbonizing-aviation-executing-on-net-zero-goals<\/a><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/aerospace-and-defense\/our-insights\/future-air-mobility-blog\/fuel-efficiency-why-airlines-need-to-switch-to-more-ambitious-measures<\/a><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.kambr.com\/articles\/what-is-single-european-sky#:~:text=An%20improvement%20in%20safety%20performance,increase%20in%20capacity%20where%20needed<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/nextgen\/today<\/a><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/aircraft.airbus.com\/en\/aircraft\/a320-the-most-successful-aircraft-family-ever\/a320neo-creating-higher-customer-value<\/a><\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/simpleflying.com\/sustainable-777x\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/climatetrade.com\/why-is-it-so-hard-to-decarbonize-aviation\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.shell.com\/energy-and-innovation\/the-energy-future\/decarbonising-aviation.html?utm_source=&utm_medium=Deloitte&utm_content=Deloitte_web_link_001_&utm_campaign=decarbonisingaviation__sep-dec_2021<\/a><\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=%27There+is+no+cheap+way+of+decarbonising+air+travel%27&oq=%27There+is+no+cheap+way+of+decarbonising+air+travel%27&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQIRigAdIBCDE2NzdqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8<\/a><\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.shell.com\/business-customers\/aviation\/the-future-of-energy\/sustainable-aviation-fuel.html#iframe=L2wvODc3OTYyLzIwMjMtMDUtMjIvNHdiNjh2<\/a><\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bain.com\/insights\/will-plans-to-decarbonize-the-aviation-industry-fly\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2022\/nov\/30\/airbus-boss-warn-delay-decarbonising-airline-industry-hydrogen-sustainable-aviation-fuel<\/a><\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2023\/jul\/17\/green-energy-tycoon-to-launch-uk-first-electric-airline<\/a><\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rolls-royce.com\/media\/press-releases\/2021\/19-11-2021-spirit-of-innovation-stakes-claim-to-be-the-worlds-fastest-all-electric-vehicle.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":112158,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nKarbonsuz Havac\u0131l\u0131k | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"U\u00e7aklar atmosferdeki gazlara ve kirleticilere etki ederek k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya %3,5 katk\u0131da bulunuyor. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltacak y\u00f6ntemleri \u00f6\u011frenin.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/havaciligi-karbonsuzlastirma\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Karbonsuz Havac\u0131l\u0131k | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"U\u00e7aklar atmosferdeki gazlara ve kirleticilere etki ederek k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya %3,5 katk\u0131da bulunuyor. 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