![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/shutterstock_1788859538-copy-1.jpg\")
<\/p>\nK\u00fcresel enerji ge\u00e7i\u015fine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden b\u00f6lgeleri bulmak i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na bak\u0131yor olsayd\u0131n\u0131z, \u0130skandinav b\u00f6lgesi ilk tercihiniz olmayabilirdi.<\/p>\n
Aralar\u0131nda Danimarka, Norve\u00e7, \u0130sve\u00e7, Finlandiya ve \u0130zlanda\u2019n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Kuzeybat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki bu sessiz ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fclkeler toplulu\u011fu, belki de al\u00e7ak g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan genellikle k\u00fcresel \u00f6nc\u00fcler olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
GSY\u0130H\u2019lar\u0131 Amerika, \u00c7in ve toplu olarak AB\u2019nin \u00e7ok gerisinde olan bu bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l \u00fclkeler, k\u00fcresel siyasetin merkezinde nadiren yer al\u0131yor ve hatta genellikle hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor. Bu g\u00f6ze batmayan \u00fclkeler asl\u0131nda son teknoloji inovasyon miras\u0131na sahip ve uzun s\u00fcredir hevesli bir \u015fekilde yenilenebilir enerjiyi kucaklam\u0131\u015f durumda. Bu ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, k\u00fcresel olarak ye\u015fil enerjiye ge\u00e7i\u015fte onlar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir el\u00e7i konumuna getiriyor.<\/p>\n
Son verilere g\u00f6re, toplam enerji \u00fcretimindeki yenilenebilir enerji y\u00fczdesine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda be\u015f \u0130skandinav \u00fclkesi de d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda ilk 10 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor:<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1956-ALJ-Nordic-Renewables-v2_001-scaled.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
Bu kuzey \u00fclkelerinin enerji profillerini birle\u015ftiren baz\u0131 temel \u00f6zellikler olsa da aralar\u0131ndaki ince farklar da ayn\u0131 derecede ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131. Peki, bu \u00fclkeleri net s\u0131f\u0131r yolculu\u011funda \u00f6nc\u00fc yapan \u015fey ne ve her \u015fey ilk bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar ye\u015fil mi?<\/p>\n
Bu \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinin her biri s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir enerji bile\u015fimlerinde yenilenebilir enerjiyi desteklemek i\u00e7in kendi y\u00f6ntemlerini kullansa da t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgeyi kapsayan baz\u0131 stratejiler de uygulan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Norve\u00e7, \u0130sve\u00e7, Danimarka, Finlandiya ve \u0130zlanda, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201c\u0130skandinav Karbon N\u00f6tr Hedefi\u201d[9]<\/a> (DNCN<\/a>) ortak beyannamesini imzalad\u0131. DNCN, \u00e7e\u015fitli sekt\u00f6rler i\u00e7in iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerini hafifletmeye y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nlemler belirlerken enerji piyasas\u0131n\u0131n karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda i\u015f birli\u011fi f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 resmiyete d\u00f6kt\u00fc.<\/p>\n DNCN, \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerini k\u00fcresel olarak ye\u015fil enerjide potansiyel liderler olarak konumland\u0131r\u0131yor. Biyoekonomi alan\u0131ndaki kapsaml\u0131 kamu ve \u00f6zel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve yat\u0131r\u0131m programlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fclkelerin y\u00fcksek \u00e7evre standartlar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Bu anla\u015fma, b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6nc\u00fc teknolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerinden, gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131ndan ve geli\u015fmi\u015f finansman uygulamalar\u0131ndan faydalanarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir enerji sisteminin neleri hedeflemesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n \u00d6zel olarak belirtmek gerekirse hedefleri \u015funlard\u0131:<\/p>\n Makalede, \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinin karbon n\u00f6tr olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in emisyon azaltma oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nceki 10 y\u0131la g\u00f6re be\u015f kat artmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtiliyor. Bu makalede, i\u00e7inde bulunulan durumun \u201cuygun maliyetli olan ile siyasi, sosyal ve \u00e7evresel olarak kabul edilebilir olan aras\u0131nda bir denge kurmay\u0131\u201d gerektirecek \u00f6nemli bir zorluk oldu\u011fu kabul ediliyor.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n \u00d6nerilen \u00e7e\u015fitli NCES senaryolar\u0131nda, k\u0131smen yenilenebilir enerjiye y\u00f6nelik h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sayesinde CO2<\/sub> emisyonlar\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l ortas\u0131 itibar\u0131yla %95 oran\u0131nda azalacak. Hidroenerji rezervuarlar\u0131ndaki esneklikle desteklenen \u0130skandinav r\u00fczgar enerjisinin geni\u015fletilmesi, bu tutkunun merkezinde yer al\u0131yor. Her senaryoda, fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n b\u00f6lgenin toplam birincil enerji kayna\u011f\u0131ndaki pay\u0131 2020\u2019de %42\u2019den 2050\u2019de %6-9\u2019a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n 2050\u2019ye kadar, NCES\u2019in \u0130skandinav G\u00fc\u00e7 Merkezi olma senaryosu, \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinin y\u0131lda 900 TW\/sa.\u2019ten fazla temiz enerji \u00fcretilebilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bu toplama; hidroenerji ve a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n\u0131n her biri yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 TW\/sa., kara r\u00fczgar\u0131 150 TW\/sa.\u2019in \u00fczerinde, n\u00fckleer enerji 100 TW\/sa. ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 TW\/sa. katk\u0131da bulunacak. Son kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011frudan elektrik kullan\u0131m\u0131 t\u00fcm NCES senaryolar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli. \u00d6zellikle fabrikalarda, evlerde, veri merkezlerinde, ara\u00e7larda ve yenilebilir kaynaklardan elde edilen power-to-x yak\u0131tlar\u0131nda ilgi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n Raporda, artan elektrik talebine y\u00f6nelik birka\u00e7 temel \u00f6neri yer al\u0131yor: elektrikli ara\u00e7 sat\u0131n al\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek ve kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015farj altyap\u0131s\u0131 sunmak, fosil yak\u0131t kazanlar\u0131n\u0131 elektrikli ev tipi \u0131s\u0131tma ve \u0131s\u0131 pompalar\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, end\u00fcstri ve veri merkezlerinden gelen at\u0131k \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yasalla\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak.<\/p>\n NCES ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131, \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinin birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmalar\u0131. Asl\u0131nda enerji kapasitelerindeki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ulusal farkl\u0131l\u0131k, potansiyel bir avantaj. \u00d6rne\u011fin, b\u00f6lgede r\u00fczgardan enerji \u00fcretimi artt\u0131k\u00e7a \u0130skandinavya\u2019dan k\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131\u2019na elektrik ihracat\u0131, Danimarka ve \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in aktarma \u015febekeleri ve ara konekt\u00f6rleri ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacak. Bu arada, yenilenebilir hidroenerji varl\u0131klar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun s\u00fcreli yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla \u0130skandinav \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda simgesel bir yeri olan Norve\u00e7, b\u00f6lgesel enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye haz\u0131rlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n 2020 itibar\u0131yla \u0130skandinavya b\u00f6lgesindeki t\u00fcm elektrik \u00fcretiminin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131, yani 430\u00a0TW\/sa.\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131k 250\u00a0TW\/sa.\u2019i hidroenerjiden elde ediliyor. Katk\u0131da bulunan di\u011fer \u00f6nemli kaynaklar aras\u0131nda \u015fu an yaln\u0131zca n\u00fckleer enerji (yakl. 80\u00a0TW\/sa.) ve kara r\u00fczgar\u0131 (yakl. 50\u00a0TW\/sa.) var.<\/p>\n Hidroenerji k\u00fcresel olarak elektrik \u00fcretiminin yaln\u0131zca %17\u2019sini olu\u015ftururken[11]<\/a> bu enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 neden d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde b\u00f6yle bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe sahip?<\/p>\n Yan\u0131t, do\u011fal alanlarda gizli. Say\u0131s\u0131z \u015felale, fiyort ve nehir bar\u0131nd\u0131ran Norve\u00e7, \u0130sve\u00e7 ve \u0130zlanda topografisi, \u00f6zellikle hidroenerji \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131 konulmaz f\u0131rsatlar sunuyor.<\/p>\n Elektrik \u00fcretiminin neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 1.800 hidroelektrik santralinden sa\u011flayan \u0130sve\u00e7 resmen bir hidroenerji merkezi oldu\u011funu iddia edebilir. Bununla birlikte, bu hidroenerji ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131n\u0131n merkez \u00fcss\u00fc olarak hizmet veren Norve\u00e7, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.700 tesisi ile \u00fclke elektri\u011finin en az %90\u2019\u0131n\u0131 bu kaynaktan elde ediyor.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n Norve\u00e7 halihaz\u0131rda bir net enerji ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve 2020 itibar\u0131yla enerjisinin %87\u2019si yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sat\u0131l\u0131yor[13]<\/a>. Bu e\u011filim, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan hassas Rus gaz kaynaklar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meye devam etmesiyle artabilir. \u00dclkenin 1.000\u2019den fazla rezervuardan olu\u015fan geni\u015f a\u011f\u0131, hidroelektrik kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zaman\u0131nda kullanmaya haz\u0131r olarak stoklanmas\u0131na imkan veriyor. Herhangi bir zamanda, Norve\u00e7 rezervuarlar\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n toplam hidroenerji kapasitesinin yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131yor. Ancak en g\u00fcvenilir m\u00fc\u015fterilerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fclke i\u00e7inde; ortak \u0130skandinav \u015febekesi, kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerde r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f gibi daha az \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir kaynaklar\u0131 destekleyebilir.<\/p>\n Hidroenerjinin s\u00fcregelen pop\u00fclerli\u011finin bir nedeni altyap\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131. \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinde, neredeyse y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen birden fazla tesis hala ye\u015fil elektrik \u00fcretiyor. Hidroenerji de \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve kolayca d\u00fczenlenebilen tek yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri olup jenerat\u00f6rleri kolayca arz\u0131 taleple senkronize ediyor.<\/p>\n Hidroenerji \u00fcretimi \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131llar boyunca \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinde b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam edecek, ancak \u0130skandinav enerji kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki pay\u0131n\u0131n<\/em> 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k %56\u2019dan sadece %25\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fmesi bekleniyor.[14]<\/a> Bunun nedeni, onunla rekabet eden bir ye\u015fil enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olan r\u00fczgar enerjisinde beklenen h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrbin teknolojisindeki fiyatlar \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015fmeye devam ettik\u00e7e r\u00fczgar enerjisinin \u0130skandinav yenilenebilir enerji bile\u015fiminde bask\u0131n bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 haline gelmesi bekleniyor. Baz\u0131 tahminler, b\u00f6lgedeki a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar kapasitesinin 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 65\u00a0GW\u2019a y\u00fckselmeden \u00f6nce 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 7\u00a0GW\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n Danimarka, \u0130sve\u00e7, Norve\u00e7 ve Finlandiya, hem karada hem de denizde r\u00fczgar enerjisine acil bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6nelme konusunda birle\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n \u0130sve\u00e7, bu on y\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar 30\u00a0GW yeni t\u00fcrbin kapasitesi kurmay\u0131 ve enerji ihracat\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmay\u0131 planl\u0131yor. Benzer \u015fekilde Finlandiya, ayn\u0131 tarihe kadar kara r\u00fczgar kapasitesini 5\u00a0GW\u2019tan 20\u00a0GW\u2019a \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 hedefliyor. Danimarka da 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar kara r\u00fczgar kapasitesini 11,5\u00a0GW \u00e7\u0131karacak.[16]<\/a> Son olarak Norve\u00e7 de 2022\u2019de bir e\u015fik olarak kabul edilen 5\u00a0GW\u2019l\u0131k kara r\u00fczgar enerjisi \u00fcretimini a\u015farak yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kapasiteyi \u00fc\u00e7e katlamay\u0131 planl\u0131yor.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n Danimarka ve Norve\u00e7, a\u00e7\u0131k deniz<\/em> r\u00fczgar piyasas\u0131n\u0131 fethetme konusunda da h\u0131zl\u0131 bir vizyona sahip.<\/p>\n Danimarka, Kuzey Denizi ve Balt\u0131k Denizi\u2019ne ve dinamik ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme ortam\u0131na eri\u015fim imkanlar\u0131 sayesinde Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en iyi be\u015f a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar pazar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Danimarka ayn\u0131 zamanda 2020 itibar\u0131yla 7 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 de\u011fere sahip ve binlerce i\u015f yaratan r\u00fczgar enerjisi teknolojisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihracat\u00e7\u0131.[18]<\/a> A\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar enerjisi piyasas\u0131nda art\u0131k sadece Avrupa\u2019da de\u011fil, k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta bir lider olmay\u0131 hedefliyor.<\/p>\n 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Danimarka\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar kapasitesi 2,3\u00a0GW\u2019tan 12,9\u00a0GW\u2019a katlanarak artacak. Uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalar bu b\u00fcy\u00fck planlar\u0131n merkezinde yer al\u0131yor. Danimarka, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar birle\u015fik 150 GW a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar enerjisi i\u00e7in Almanya, Hollanda ve Bel\u00e7ika ile Esbjerg Deklarasyonu\u2019nu ve ayr\u0131ca 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Balt\u0131k Denizi\u2019nde yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 GW yeni a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar enerjisi \u00fcretmeyi vadeden Marienborg Deklarasyonu\u2019nu sekiz \u00fclke ile birlikte imzalad\u0131.<\/p>\n Geride kalmayan Norve\u00e7 ise 2040 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 30 GW a\u00e7\u0131k deniz kapasitesi hedefini duyurarak May\u0131s 2022\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar ilerleyi\u015fine ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu, Norve\u00e7\u2019in \u015fu anda y\u0131ll\u0131k olarak \u00fcretti\u011fi toplam elektrik miktar\u0131na hemen hemen e\u015fit.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n Norve\u00e7, petrol ve gaz end\u00fcstrilerindeki muazzam a\u00e7\u0131k deniz deneyimi sayesinde 2050 itibar\u0131yla 12,9 milyar Euro de\u011fere ula\u015facak olan a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn, y\u0131ll\u0131k bazda ba\u015fl\u0131ca ihracat kalemlerinden biri olmas\u0131n\u0131 bekliyor.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, Norve\u00e7 \u201cy\u00fczen\u201d a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar enerjisi pazar\u0131nda bir \u00f6nc\u00fc. Sabit temel kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 derin denizlerde y\u00fczer platformlar kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Norve\u00e7\u2019in prototip y\u00fczen r\u00fczgar t\u00fcrbini, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki lansman\u0131ndan sonra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk ticari y\u00fczen t\u00fcrbin \u00e7iftli\u011fi olan \u0130sko\u00e7ya k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Hywind kurulumunun temelini olu\u015fturdu. Norve\u00e7\u2019in ilk y\u00fczen r\u00fczgar \u00e7iftli\u011fi olan 88 MW kapasiteli Hywind Tampen, ge\u00e7en y\u0131l a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda faaliyete ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n Norve\u00e7 Su Kaynaklar\u0131 ve Enerji M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir de\u011ferlendirme, \u00fclkenin hem y\u00fczer hem de sabit temelli r\u00fczgar \u00e7iftliklerinin toplam kapasitesinin 12.600 MW oldu\u011funu ve y\u0131ll\u0131k 19-50 TW\/sa. \u00fcretim hacmine ula\u015farak toplam elektrik t\u00fcketiminin \u00fc\u00e7te birini kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplad\u0131.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinde hava pek g\u00fcne\u015fli olmasa da g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi, \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00fckseli\u015fte. Uzun k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00f6zellikle \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Finlandiya, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir gelece\u011fe do\u011fru b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131mlar at\u0131yor.<\/p>\n \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te \u015fu anda 3,7\u00a0GW g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi var ve bunun 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar %486\u2019l\u0131k bir art\u0131\u015fla 18\u00a0GW\u2019a y\u00fckselmesi bekleniyor. Bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin \u0130sve\u00e7 enerji pazar\u0131ndaki pay\u0131 %1,4\u2019ten %6\u2019ya y\u00fckselecek. Finlandiya\u2019n\u0131n 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar %856\u2019l\u0131k bir art\u0131\u015fla 9,6 GW\u2019a y\u00fckselmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen 1,1 GW\u2019l\u0131k g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi kapasitesi, Fin enerji pazar\u0131ndaki pay\u0131n\u0131 %0,8\u2019den %6,8\u2019e y\u00fckseltecek.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi \u0131s\u0131dan ziyade \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan \u00fcretiliyor ve G\u00fcney Finlandiya, g\u00fcne\u015fin en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu ilkbahar ba\u015flar\u0131nda ve k\u0131\u015f sonlar\u0131nda Orta Avrupa\u2019dan daha fazla g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi \u00fcretebilir.<\/p>\n \u201cFinlandiya\u2019n\u0131n avantaj\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015f fotovoltaik h\u00fccrelerinin verimlili\u011fini art\u0131ran d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck atmosfer s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015f panelleri ne kadar so\u011fuk olursa o kadar iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f panelleri, talimatlara uygun olarak monte edildiklerinde kar y\u00fcklerine de dayanabilir. Sistem ayr\u0131ca elektrik \u015febekesiyle birle\u015ftirilebilir ve bu cihazlar nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli ve kurulumu kolay.\u201d diyor Finlandiya\u2019daki LUT \u00fcniversitesinden do\u00e7ent Antti Kosonen.<\/p>\n \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinde g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin yak\u0131n zamanda artmas\u0131na neden olan iki etken daha var. Birincisi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7at\u0131 sistemlerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck yer tabanl\u0131 \u00e7iftliklere kademeli ge\u00e7i\u015f ve bu da \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomilerini getiriyor. \u0130kincisi, teknoloji maliyetinde devam eden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f. G\u00fcne\u015f paneli maliyetinin %90 azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 2010\u2019lardaki gibi 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar panellerin fiyat\u0131n\u0131n, mevcut 0,2 ABD dolar\u0131\/watt de\u011ferinin yar\u0131s\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmesi bekleniyor.<\/p>\n D\u00fcnya, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin zorluklar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a t\u00fcm bunlar, kuzey \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in tamamen modern ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir enerji kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n \u0130skandinav uluslar\u0131, pek \u00e7ok y\u00f6nden, yenilenebilir enerjiye yelken a\u00e7an bir d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in kutsanm\u0131\u015f bir pozisyonda. Bol r\u00fczgar, son derece aktif bir jeotermal b\u00f6lge ve hidroenerji \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in su yollar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fc ile ye\u015fil ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in \u00f6zel olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir ortama sahip.<\/p>\n Ancak \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinin topografik veya jeolojik imkanlar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde etki yaratan bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi var: insan etkisi. Bunu Norve\u00e7, Danimarka, \u0130sve\u00e7, Finlandiya ve \u0130zlanda\u2019n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi mevzuat rejimlerinde, s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi anla\u015fmalarda ve \u00f6zenle tasarlanm\u0131\u015f teknolojik uyum ile ortaya konan birlik ruhunda g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n Kendi kendine yeterlilik amac\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ebilir ancak geli\u015fmekte olan r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi end\u00fcstrilerinin destekledi\u011fi Norve\u00e7 hidroenerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, \u0130skandinav enerji sistemlerini k\u00fcresel iklim \u00f6ncelikleriyle uyumlu bir \u015fekilde yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir yol \u00e7izdi.<\/p>\n Abdul Latif Jameel de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da ve \u00f6tesinde yenilenebilir enerji motivasyonunu art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6zel sermayenin g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yararlanan, ye\u015fil ekonominin \u00f6nemli bir savunucusu. Amiral gemisi enerji \u015firketi Fotowatio Renewable Ventures (FRV<\/a>); Asya, Latin Amerika, Avrupa ve Avustralya\u2019da r\u00fczgar, g\u00fcne\u015f, hibrit ve depolama projelerinden olu\u015fan bir portf\u00f6y\u00fc y\u00f6netiyor. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, FRV\u2019nin inovasyon kolu olan FRV-X<\/a>, COP28<\/a>\u2019in iddial\u0131 iklim hedeflerinin planlama a\u015famas\u0131ndan ger\u00e7e\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini sa\u011flayabilecek yeni nesil teknolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlere \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n FRV, Finlandiyal\u0131 yerel bir i\u015fletme olan Will & Must<\/a> ile bir anla\u015fma yaparak 2024<\/a> y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130skandinav yenilenebilir enerji pazar\u0131na girdi. Ortaklar, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 600 MW\u2019l\u0131k g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi \u00fcretecek olan fotovoltaik g\u00fcne\u015f projelerini ortakla\u015fa geli\u015ftirecek.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> https:\/\/wisevoter.com\/country-rankings\/renewable-energy-by-country\/<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/autos-transportation\/tesla-extends-lead-norway-evs-take-record-82-market-share-2024-01-02\/<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ev-volumes.com\/<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/international\/analysis\/country\/NOR<\/a><\/p>\n [5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.enappsys.com\/sweden-remains-europes-largest-net-power-exporter\/<\/a><\/p>\n [6]<\/a> https:\/\/il.boell.org\/en\/2022\/11\/15\/green-transition-nordic-countries-lessons-sustainable-development<\/a><\/p>\n [7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/countries\/finland<\/a><\/p>\n [8]<\/a> https:\/\/il.boell.org\/en\/2022\/11\/15\/green-transition-nordic-countries-lessons-sustainable-development<\/a><\/p>\n [9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.norden.org\/en\/declaration\/declaration-nordic-carbon-neutrality<\/a><\/p>\n [10]<\/a> https:\/\/pub.norden.org\/nordicenergyresearch2021-01\/nordicenergyresearch2021-01.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n [11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/hydropower-special-market-report\/executive-summary<\/a><\/p>\n [12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.downing.co.uk\/insights\/the-nordics-a-renewable-energy-powerhouse<\/a><\/p>\n [13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/norway-2022\/executive-summary<\/a><\/p>\n [14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.woodmac.com\/news\/opinion\/abundant-low-cost-renewables-will-transform-nordic-power-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n [15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.woodmac.com\/news\/opinion\/abundant-low-cost-renewables-will-transform-nordic-power-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n [16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rystadenergy.com\/news\/finland-denmark-and-sweden-leading-on-the-green-revolution<\/a><\/p>\n [17]<\/a> https:\/\/windeurope.org\/newsroom\/news\/norway-needs-more-onshore-and-offshore-wind-to-keep-up-with-growing-energy-demand\/<\/a><\/p>\n [18]<\/a> https:\/\/il.boell.org\/en\/2022\/11\/15\/green-transition-nordic-countries-lessons-sustainable-development<\/a><\/p>\n [19]<\/a> https:\/\/il.boell.org\/en\/2022\/11\/15\/green-transition-nordic-countries-lessons-sustainable-development<\/a><\/p>\n [20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/contentassets\/07635c56b2824103909fab5f31f81469\/offshore-wind-opportunities-for-the-norwegian-industry.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n [21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.en-former.com\/en\/norway-a-sustainable-northern-power-house\/<\/a><\/p>\n [22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.fortum.com\/newsroom\/forthedoers-blogsolar-power-accelerate-green-transition-nordics\/solar-power-accelerate-green-transition-nordics<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":117064,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Norway-150x109.png\")
Norve\u00e7:<\/strong> Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck hidroenerji \u00fcreticisi olan Norve\u00e7, 33 GW\u2019l\u0131k bir kurulu kapasiteye sahip. Ucuz ve temiz hidroenerjiye haz\u0131r eri\u015fiminin olmas\u0131, Norve\u00e7\u2019in elektrikli ara\u00e7lar (EV) i\u00e7in k\u00fcresel bir bayrak ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda Norve\u00e7\u2019teki yeni ara\u00e7 sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %82,4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc[2]<\/a> elektrikli ara\u00e7lar olu\u015fturdu ve yaln\u0131zca %15,8[3]<\/a> olan yeni sat\u0131lan ara\u00e7larda k\u00fcresel elektrikli ara\u00e7 pay\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok geride b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u00dclkede \u00fcretilen elektri\u011fin \u00e7o\u011fu hidroenerjiden elde edilse de Norve\u00e7 ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol ve do\u011fal gaz \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri. K\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki konumu sayesinde Norve\u00e7, k\u00fcresel olarak ham petrol \u00fcretiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k %2\u2019sini ve do\u011fal gaz \u00fcretiminin %3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor. Bu konuda gelir b\u00fcy\u00fck bir motivasyon kayna\u011f\u0131: 2021 itibar\u0131yla \u00fclkenin GSY\u0130H\u2019n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015fte birini petrol ve gaz olu\u015fturuyor[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Sweden-150x94.jpg\")
\u0130sve\u00e7:<\/strong> Sahip oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok az miktardaki fosil enerji kaynaklar\u0131yla \u0130sve\u00e7, enerji t\u00fcketiminde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ithal petrole ve do\u011fal gaza ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131. Ancak \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in evsel elektrik \u00fcretiminin d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc hidroenerji ve n\u00fckleer enerjiden geliyor. Geni\u015f, a\u00e7\u0131k arazileri ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu ile r\u00fczgar \u00e7iftlikleri i\u00e7in son derece uygun bir ortama sahip ve buradan elde edilen enerji %16\u2019l\u0131k \u00f6nemli bir katk\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. \u0130sve\u00e7, bol ve uygun fiyatl\u0131 elektrik \u00fcretimi sayesinde genellikle Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck net enerji ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 konumunda. Sadece 2022\u2019nin son alt\u0131 ay\u0131nda 17\u00a0TW\/sa. elektrik satt\u0131 ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fc\u015fterileri Finlandiya, Danimarka ve AB oldu.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Denmark-150x100.jpg\")
Danimarka:<\/strong> Neredeyse her yan\u0131 denizlerle \u00e7evrili olan Danimarka\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar g\u00fcc\u00fcnden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yararlan\u0131yor olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil. \u00dclke, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6nemli r\u00fczgar enerjisi at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131: 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda, g\u00fcc\u00fc megawatt cinsinden ifade edilen ilk r\u00fczgar t\u00fcrbinini kurdu ve 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Vindeby\u2019de ilk a\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar \u00e7iftli\u011fini i\u015fletmeye ald\u0131. Danimarka\u2019n\u0131n elektrik \u00fcretiminin yar\u0131s\u0131 r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015ften, %20\u2019si biyok\u00fctle ve biyoyak\u0131ttan, geri kalan\u0131 ise fosil yak\u0131tlardan elde ediliyor.[6]<\/a> Enerji t\u00fcketiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k %50\u2019si i\u00e7in hala k\u00f6m\u00fcr, petrol ve gazdan yararlan\u0131yor ancak ye\u015fil kanunlar\u0131 benimseyen bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip olmas\u0131 bunun yak\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor. 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar yenilenebilir enerji \u00fcretimini 104\u00a0TW\/sa. d\u00fczeyine \u00e7\u0131karma ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 %70 azaltma planlar\u0131 var. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, bu stratejinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak ye\u015fil hidrojen \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in 4-6\u00a0GW elektroliz kapasitesi geli\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Finland-150x93.png\")
Finlandiya:<\/strong> Kendi petrol ve gaz rezervleri olmayan Finlandiya, \u00f6zellikle sanayi ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in enerji ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ithal edilen fosil yak\u0131tlarla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.[7]<\/a> Kalan talep b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde n\u00fckleer enerji, a\u011fa\u00e7 bazl\u0131 yak\u0131tlar ve turba k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc yakarak kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor. \u00dcretim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015fl\u0131ca enerji kaynaklar\u0131 biyoyak\u0131t-biyoat\u0131k (%54) ve n\u00fckleer enerji (%34). Ba\u015fta hidroenerji olmak \u00fczere yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131, elektrik \u00fcretiminin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken n\u00fckleer enerji ise elektrik ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Finlandiya, kom\u015fular\u0131ndan daha erken bir tarihte, 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar karbon n\u00f6tr olmay\u0131 hedefliyor. Bu hedef, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, CO2<\/sub> i\u00e7in do\u011fal bir karbon yakalama i\u015flevi g\u00f6ren b\u00fcy\u00fck orman y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n dikkatli y\u00f6netimine dayan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Iceland-150x108.png\")
\u0130zlanda:<\/strong> S\u0131cak su kaynaklar\u0131 ve aktif volkanlar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130zlanda, elektrik \u00fcretimi ve \u0131s\u0131tma i\u00e7in jeotermal enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc. \u00dclkenin elektrik \u00fcretiminin d\u00f6rtte birinden fazlas\u0131 jeotermal enerjiden kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor, geri kalan\u0131 ise hidroenerjiden elde ediliyor.[8]<\/a> Is\u0131nma i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan enerjinin %90 jeotermal bazl\u0131; bu nedenle \u0130zlanda\u2019n\u0131n fosil yak\u0131tlara olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 minimum d\u00fczeyde. \u0130zlanda 2040 y\u0131l\u0131nda karbon n\u00f6tr olmay\u0131 hedefliyor ve karbon yakalama, kullan\u0131m ve depolama (CCUS<\/a>) teknolojilerini geni\u015fleterek ve daha temiz ula\u015f\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerine y\u00f6nelerek net s\u0131f\u0131r yolculu\u011funu h\u0131zland\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor.<\/p>\nYenilenebilir enerji devrimine giden yolda koordine yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1956-ALJ-Nordic-Renewables-v2_002-scaled.jpg\")
<\/p>\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Nordic-Clean-Energy-Scenarios-227x300.png\")
DNCN\u2019yi desteklemek i\u00e7in devreye al\u0131nan \u0130skandinav Temiz Enerji Senaryolar\u0131 (NCES<\/a>) ara\u015ft\u0131rma makalesinde, b\u00f6lgenin yenilenebilir enerji \u00f6nceliklerini belirlemek i\u00e7in ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 senaryo modellemeleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu yolla, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 2030\u2019a kadar uzanan cesur bir yenilenebilir enerji rotas\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1956-ALJ-Nordic-Renewables-v2_003-scaled.jpg\")
<\/p>\nDo\u011fal imkanlar, yenilenebilir enerji pazar\u0131n\u0131n haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyor<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/jared-erondu-j4PaE7E2_Ws-unsplash.jpg\")
<\/p>\nR\u00fczgar, \u0130skandinavya\u2019n\u0131n yenilenebilir enerjisini yeni bir y\u00f6ne ta\u015f\u0131yor . . .<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/shutterstock_425100892-scaled.jpg\")
<\/p>\nG\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi de g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/carlos-grury-santos-9R9Z8PHwo2E-unsplash.jpg\")
<\/p>\nYenilenebilir kaynaklar insan tutkusu ile dolu<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2024\/05\/FRV-breaks-into-Nordics.jpeg\")
<\/p>\n![\"Fady](\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Fady-Jameel-2-225x300.jpg\")
Ba\u015fkan Vekili ve Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131
Abdul Latif Jameel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nAbdul Latif Jameel Uluslararas\u0131 Ba\u015fkan Vekili ve Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Fady Jameel, \u201c\u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinde, kamu ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn bir araya gelerek esnek, uyarlanabilir ve gelece\u011fe haz\u0131r bir enerji kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yaratma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.\u201d<\/em> diyor.<\/h5>\n
\u201c\u00c7evresel etkileri azaltmaya y\u00f6nelik k\u00fcresel \u00f6rnekler ar\u0131yorsak, \u0130skandinav \u00fclkeleri ve onlar\u0131n \u2018yenilenebilir enerjideki ilerlemeleri\u2019 bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin de izleyebilece\u011fi bir rota ortaya koyuyor. Siyasi, kurumsal ve toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7ler bir araya gelerek ortak bir hedefin arkas\u0131nda birle\u015fti\u011finde anlaml\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini kan\u0131tl\u0131yorlar.\u201d<\/em><\/h5>\n