{"id":117677,"date":"2024-07-12T11:09:30","date_gmt":"2024-07-12T11:09:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alj.com\/?post_type=perspective&p=117677"},"modified":"2024-10-30T12:21:33","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T12:21:33","slug":"yarinin-liderlerini-yetistirmek","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/yarinin-liderlerini-yetistirmek\/","title":{"rendered":"Yar\u0131n\u0131n liderlerini yeti\u015ftirmek"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede gen\u00e7 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015f\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfusun h\u0131zla artmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir ekonomik potansiyel sunacak olsa da bu potansiyelden tam anlam\u0131yla faydalanabilmek i\u00e7in stratejik yat\u0131r\u0131mlara ihtiya\u00e7 duyulacakt\u0131r.<\/h4>\n

D\u00fcnya genelinde n\u00fcfus giderek ya\u015flan\u0131yor. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda 31 olan d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun ortalama ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 36 olmas\u0131 bekleniyor[1]<\/a>. 2020\u2019de 1 milyar olan 60 ve \u00fczeri ya\u015ftaki insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ikiye katlanarak 2,1 milyara \u00e7\u0131karken ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde 80 ya\u015f ve \u00fczeri insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 bekleniyor[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fam beklentisinin uzamas\u0131 ve do\u011fum oranlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi, bu trende katk\u0131da bulunan ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Ne var ki \u00fclkelerdeki mevcut demografik \u00f6zelliklere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, bu e\u011filimlerin etkileri \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle de toplumdaki gen\u00e7lerin say\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n

Demografik ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/h2>\n

Gelir seviyesi y\u00fcksek bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede, ya\u015fl\u0131 insanlara bak\u0131m sa\u011flaman\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri sistemleri \u00fczerindeki etkisi konusunda endi\u015feler art\u0131yor. Ancak di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerde, gen\u00e7 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015f\u0131ndaki insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131nda, onlara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme kaydederek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 zorluklara ve f\u0131rsatlara yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, bir \u00fclkenin \u201cdemografik ge\u00e7i\u015f\u201d olarak bilinen s\u00fcre\u00e7te hangi a\u015famada oldu\u011funa bak\u0131larak a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. \u00c7o\u011fu \u00fclke ge\u00e7mi\u015fte hem y\u00fcksek do\u011fum oranlar\u0131 hem de y\u00fcksek \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak toplumlar\u0131n gelir seviyesi artt\u0131k\u00e7a, daha iyi beslenme olanaklar\u0131na sahip olduk\u00e7a ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri daha iyi hale geldik\u00e7e \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fme e\u011filimine girer. Do\u011fum oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek kal\u0131rsa daha fazla insan do\u011fmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n daha az insan \u00f6l\u00fcr ve n\u00fcfusta h\u0131zl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Toplumlar modernle\u015ftik\u00e7e ve zenginle\u015ftik\u00e7e zaman i\u00e7inde insanlar daha az \u00e7ocu\u011fa sahip olma e\u011filiminde olurlar ve do\u011fum oranlar\u0131 da azal\u0131r. Do\u011fum oran\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131yla paralel ilerledi\u011finde, bir \u00fclkenin n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131 yava\u015flar hatta azalmaya ba\u015flayabilir.<\/p>\n

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Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 Almanya, \u015eili, Mauritius ve \u00c7in gibi \u00fclkelerde \u00e7oktan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir[3]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu \u00fclkelerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015fu anda daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda ya\u015fl\u0131 n\u00fcfusa sahiptir ve azalan n\u00fcfusun getirdi\u011fi zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, mevcut e\u011filimlerin devam etmesi halinde 23 \u00fclkenin bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar n\u00fcfuslar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck azalmalar ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda 128 milyondan fazla olan Japonya n\u00fcfusunun 2100 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 53 milyonun alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi tahmin edilirken, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130talya\u2019daki n\u00fcfusun 61 milyondan 28 milyona d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir[4]<\/sup><\/a>. Bunun gibi \u00fclkeler, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015f\u0131ndaki pop\u00fclasyonuna k\u0131yasla say\u0131lar\u0131 gittik\u00e7e artan ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131 nas\u0131l destekleyebileceklerine dair zorlukla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k oranlar\u0131<\/h2>\n

Demografik ge\u00e7i\u015flerinin daha erken bir a\u015famas\u0131nda olan bu \u00fclkeler ise gen\u00e7 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015f\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131n bakmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olduklar\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u201cdemografik kazan\u0131m\u201d avantaj\u0131ndan yararlanma f\u0131rsat\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n

UNICEF\u2019in 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir raporda, Orta Do\u011fu ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019da (MENA) \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde \u201cbu b\u00f6lgedeki n\u00fcfusun e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f derecede b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcretken y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131\u201d \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[5]<\/a>. En uygun zaman, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131n\u0131n her 100 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015f\u0131ndaki yeti\u015fkine (15 ile 64 ya\u015f aras\u0131ndakiler) kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 (65 ya\u015f ve \u00fczeri ki\u015filer ve 15 ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r) olaca\u011f\u0131 2040 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar olan d\u00f6nem olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar olan d\u00f6nemde MENA b\u00f6lgesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda toplam \u00e7ocuk ve gen\u00e7 insan say\u0131s\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015f\u0131n neden olaca\u011f\u0131 demografik de\u011fi\u015fim, \u00f6nemli ekonomik etkiler yaratacakt\u0131r. UNICEF, 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar b\u00f6lge n\u00fcfusuna 2,4 milyon gen\u00e7 (15-24 ya\u015f aras\u0131) daha eklenece\u011fini ve be\u015f MENA \u00fclkesinin %40 veya daha fazla oranda n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Kuveyt ve Irak\u2019ta, gen\u00e7lerin say\u0131s\u0131 bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde neredeyse iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kacak ve Kuveyt n\u00fcfusuna 200.000, Irak\u2019a ise 3,2 milyondan fazla gen\u00e7 kat\u0131lacak. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfusa 5,5 milyon daha eklenerek \u00fc\u00e7te bir (%33) oran\u0131nda artacakt\u0131r. Her y\u0131l 2,4 milyon gen\u00e7 insan\u0131n n\u00fcfusa kat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 2027 ve 2028 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, genel olarak b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in en y\u00fcksek y\u0131ll\u0131k art\u0131\u015f beklenmektedir.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

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F\u0131rsatlar ve riskler<\/h2>\n

Bu \u00fclkeler ve benzer demografik e\u011filimlere sahip di\u011fer \u00fclkeler, ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi desteklemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in bu \u201cdemografik kazan\u0131mdan\u201d yararlanma f\u0131rsat\u0131na sahiptir. \u0130\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne dahil olan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfus, ekonomiyi yeni enerji, yenilik ve yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla doldurma potansiyeline sahiptir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Afrika\u2019da yeni kurulan \u015firketlerin \u00e7o\u011funun kurucusu 35 ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131ndad\u0131r[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, UNICEF\u2019in Orta Do\u011fu ve Kuzey Afrika B\u00f6lge Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Geert Cappelaere, \u201cdemografik kazan\u0131m\u0131n otomatik olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunun geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fi\u201d konusunda uyar\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar ortam\u0131nda kapsay\u0131c\u0131 politikalarla desteklenen sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, iyi beslenmi\u015f ve iyi e\u011fitimli gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin b\u00f6lgeye e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f d\u00fczeyde b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve sosyal ilerleme getirebilece\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir. \u201cAncak \u00e7ocuklara ve gen\u00e7lere yeterince yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmazsak, n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmaya devam edecektir. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma ve istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k bask\u0131n olacak ve b\u00f6lgedeki demografik de\u011fi\u015fiklikler bir f\u0131rsattan ziyade bir y\u00fck haline gelecektir.\u201d ifadelerine de yer vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7lere yat\u0131r\u0131m<\/h2>\n

Peki geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler, gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131n bu f\u0131rsatlardan en iyi \u015fekilde yararlanmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ne yapabilir? Bu soru \u00f6zellikle 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar insanlar\u0131n %70\u2019inin 30 ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131 ve 400 milyondan fazla gencin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015f\u0131na girmesi beklenen Afrika\u2019y\u0131 yak\u0131ndan ilgilendiriyor. BM tahminlerine g\u00f6re 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar d\u00fcnyadaki gen\u00e7lerin \u00fc\u00e7te birinden fazlas\u0131 Afrika\u2019da ya\u015f\u0131yor olacak[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Ancak k\u0131tan\u0131n h\u0131zla artan gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfusu, i\u015f bulmada ciddi zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya. Her ay bir milyon Afrikal\u0131 i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc pazar\u0131na girse de bu insanlar\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinden az\u0131 resmi bir i\u015fe giriyor[9]<\/a>. Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne (ILO<\/a>) g\u00f6re Sahra Alt\u0131 Afrika\u2019daki gen\u00e7lerin d\u00f6rtte birinden fazlas\u0131 ne \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ne de e\u011fitim g\u00f6r\u00fcyor (NEET)[10]<\/a>. Cities Alliance k\u00fcresel ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede toplam istihdam i\u00e7inde kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 gayri istihdam\u0131n %89 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor; bu da \u201cbir\u00e7ok gencin sosyal g\u00fcvenlik veya herhangi bir i\u015f\u00e7i hakk\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tanzanya\u2019da 43 Afrika \u00fclkesinden devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n, h\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve bakanlar\u0131n bir araya geldi\u011fi bir zirvede, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n insani kalk\u0131nmadan sorumlu ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Mamta Murthi bir r\u00f6portajda, bu zorlu\u011fu a\u015fmak i\u00e7in siyasi iradenin kaynaklardan daha \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fcn\u00fcn oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. \u201cGen\u00e7lere daha fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor. \u0130yi e\u011fitilmeleri ve beceri sahibi bu gen\u00e7lerin istihdam edilebilmesi i\u00e7in istihdam f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 yaratan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n olmas\u0131 gerekiyor.\u201d dedi.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

Zirvedeki temsilciler, Afrika\u2019da insan sermayesi geli\u015ftirmenin koordineli planlama ve finansman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra insanlara yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131, verimlili\u011fini ve etkisini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in kararl\u0131 bir \u00e7aba gerektirdi\u011fini kabul etti. Beyanlar\u0131nda, 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u00f6\u011frenme yoksullu\u011funu en az d\u00f6rtte bir oran\u0131nda azaltmak ve 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar okuryazarl\u0131k oranlar\u0131n\u0131 %75\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131rmak dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli taahh\u00fctlerde bulundular. Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zay\u0131f, yeterli b\u00fcy\u00fcyememi\u015f ve yetersiz kilolu insanlar\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131 azaltmay\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131 kapsam\u0131n\u0131 %90\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 da taahh\u00fct ettiler[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Zirvede ayr\u0131ca i\u015f yaratmay\u0131 ve ekonomik f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmeyi ama\u00e7layan birtak\u0131m \u00f6nlemler \u00fczerinde de anla\u015fmaya var\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u00f6nlemler aras\u0131nda yerli ve yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, giri\u015fimcili\u011fin te\u015fvik edilmesi ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletmelerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine destek verilmesi yer al\u0131yordu. Buna ek olarak \u00fclkeler tar\u0131m, yenilenebilir enerji ve dijital teknolojiler gibi y\u00fcksek potansiyelli sekt\u00f6rlere \u00f6ncelik vermeyi ve 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar i\u015flerde dijital beceriler kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in 19 milyon ki\u015fiye daha e\u011fitim verilmesini taahh\u00fct etti.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6zler Hindistan\u2019da<\/h2>\n

Hindistan\u2019da gen\u00e7 insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, insan sermayesinden yararlanma ile ilgili zorluklar\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k bir hale getiriyor. Hindistan, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en kalabal\u0131k \u00fclkesi olarak \u00c7in\u2019i ge\u00e7ti[13]<\/a>. N\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi 35 ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131nda ve i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne her y\u0131l milyonlarca insan kat\u0131l\u0131yor[14]<\/a>. Hindistan h\u0131zl\u0131 bir ekonomik geni\u015fleme ya\u015f\u0131yor. Yak\u0131n zamanda %8,4\u2019l\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi oldu[15]<\/a>. Ancak bu olumlu tabloya ra\u011fmen i\u015fsizlik, \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7ler i\u00e7in \u00fclkede bir sorun olmaya devam ediyor. Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l, Bangalore\u2019daki Azim Premji \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden gelen bir raporda, 25 ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mezunlar i\u00e7in i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131n\u0131n Haziran 2022\u2019de %42\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir[16]<\/a>. Raporun yazarlar\u0131, uzun vadede GSY\u0130H ve istihdam b\u00fcy\u00fcmesindeki b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin \u201cili\u015fkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ve \u201cGSY\u0130H\u2019nin h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n mutlaka i\u015f yaratmay\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131\u201d konusunda uyar\u0131larda bulundu.<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7lerin beceri eksikli\u011fi de \u00f6nemli bir endi\u015fe kayna\u011f\u0131. Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l yap\u0131lan bir ankette otomotiv, m\u00fchendislik ve elektronik de dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli sekt\u00f6rlerdeki Hintli \u00fcreticilerin d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu nitelikli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc eksikli\u011finin k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 engelledi\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birinden fazlas\u0131 (%35) etkinin ciddi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi[17]<\/a>. Bu bulgular bir S&P Global analiziyle de destekleniyor. Bu analizde, Hindistan\u2019\u0131n \u00fcretimde 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda her bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n ortalama 8.076 ABD dolar\u0131 katk\u0131da bulunarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ba\u015f\u0131na katk\u0131n\u0131n 18.308 ABD dolar\u0131 oldu\u011fu Tayland ve 34.402 ABD dolar\u0131 oldu\u011fu Malezya gibi di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden \u00e7ok daha geride kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[18]<\/a>. Ekonominin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli alanlar\u0131nda da yeti\u015fmi\u015f i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc eksikli\u011fi ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Sekt\u00f6rdeki bir kurumun belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere \u00fclkenin telekom\u00fcnikasyon sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2,41 milyon nitelikli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan eksikli\u011fi ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Bu rakam\u0131n 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar neredeyse d\u00f6rt kat artmas\u0131 bekleniyor.[19]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Hindistanl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir holding olan RPG Group ba\u015fkan\u0131 sosyal medyada nitelikli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc eksikli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi[20]<\/a>: \u201c\u0130n\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7ileri ar\u0131yoruz ancak yeteri kadar bulam\u0131yoruz! Kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rleri ar\u0131yoruz, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir a\u00e7\u0131k var! Tarlada ekim yapacak i\u015f\u00e7iler istiyoruz ama piyasada \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak insan yok! \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc anlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil\u201d.<\/p>\n

Hindistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, bu t\u00fcr endi\u015feleri gidermek i\u00e7in n\u00fcfusunun, \u00f6zellikle de gen\u00e7lerin becerilerini art\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan \u00e7e\u015fitli giri\u015fimler ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u00dclkenin 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda duyurulan Ulusal E\u011fitim Politikas\u0131[21]<\/a>, e\u011fitim sistemini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. 2025 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ilkokullarda temel say\u0131sal becerilere ve okuryazarl\u0131\u011fa odaklanarak 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar gen\u00e7 ve yeti\u015fkin okuryazarl\u0131k oran\u0131n\u0131 %100\u2019e \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 hedefliyor. Bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli hedef de y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 art\u0131rmak ve \u00fcniversitelere kay\u0131t oran\u0131n\u0131 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar %50\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131karmak (2018\u2019deki seviyeyi neredeyse iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmak) ve Hint \u00fcniversitelerini k\u00fcresel olarak ilk 100\u2019e \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Buna ek olarak, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Hindistan Beceri Geli\u015ftirme ve Giri\u015fimcilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hem i\u015fletmeler hem de bireyler i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli finansman ve e\u011fitim f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 takip etmekle sorumludur. \u00d6nc\u00fc plan olan Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclke genelinde gen\u00e7lerin i\u015f bulmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in sekt\u00f6rle ilgili beceriler geli\u015ftirmek \u00fczere kuruldu[23]<\/a>. 2023 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 14 milyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan aday\u0131na e\u011fitim veya oryantasyon sa\u011fland\u0131. Maalesef bunlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu hen\u00fcz i\u015f bulamad\u0131. Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l yap\u0131lan bir analizde, PMKVY programlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda sertifika alan adaylar\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinden daha az\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fe yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi belirtildi[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cinsiyet e\u015fitsizli\u011fi<\/h2>\n

Bu istatistikler, demografik kazan\u0131mdan nas\u0131l yararlan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kolay bir yan\u0131t\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n muhtemelen ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 fakt\u00f6rler aras\u0131ndaki karma\u015f\u0131k bir etkile\u015fime ba\u011fl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurguluyor.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede ekonomistler cinsiyetin \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6r oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yor. Hindistan\u2019da ve demografik kazan\u0131m potansiyeli olan di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda %29 olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Hindistanl\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n istihdam oran\u0131 ge\u00e7en y\u0131l %24\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 25 ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n istihdam oran\u0131 ise daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fle %20\u2019den %12\u2019ye indi.<\/p>\n

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Benzer \u015fekilde, Afrika\u2019da gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfusun d\u00f6rtte birinden fazlas\u0131 (72 milyon) NEET (Ne E\u011fitimde Ne \u0130stihdamda) kategorisindedir ve bunlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi kad\u0131nd\u0131r[25]<\/a>. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sahra Alt\u0131 Afrika\u2019daki gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndaki NEET oran\u0131 %33\u2019t\u00fc. Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (ILO), bu b\u00f6lgede inceledi\u011fi yedi \u00fclkede, 15 ile 29 ya\u015f aras\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n gen\u00e7 erkeklere g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek NEET oranlar\u0131na ve daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck istihdam oranlar\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu tespit etti.<\/p>\n

Bu e\u011filimler toplumsal tutum ve uygulamalar\u0131n etkisiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Sahra Alt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da, gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar genellikle yemek pi\u015firme ve \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131 gibi daha fazla ev i\u015fi \u00fcstlenerek e\u011fitim ve i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne daha az kat\u0131l\u0131m sa\u011flar. Sosyal normlar\u0131n Hindistan\u2019da da bir fakt\u00f6r oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Buna ek olarak, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n eri\u015febilece\u011fi i\u015fler s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r ve \u015fehirle\u015fen n\u00fcfus nedeniyle g\u00fcvenlik endi\u015feleri bulunmaktad\u0131r[26]<\/a>. Bir\u00e7ok uzman, bu t\u00fcr sorunlar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmenin ekonomik potansiyellerine ula\u015fan \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olaca\u011f\u0131na inanmaktad\u0131r. Hindistan Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik \u0130li\u015fkiler Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Konseyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015funda misafir profes\u00f6r olan Radhicka Kapoor\u2019un Financial Times<\/em>\u2019a verdi\u011fi deme\u00e7te belirtti\u011fi gibi, \u201cn\u00fcfusunuzun yar\u0131s\u0131 i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne bile kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015fken demografik kazan\u0131mdan faydalanman\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.\u201d[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n

Bu alanda kayda de\u011fer bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6steren \u00fclkelerden biri de Suudi Arabistan\u2019d\u0131r. Ortalama ya\u015f\u0131 22 olan bu \u00fclke \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131llarda demografik kazan\u0131m\u0131n avantaj\u0131ndan yararlanmak i\u00e7in iyi bir konuma sahiptir[28]<\/a>. Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l S&P Global taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir analizde, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda %36\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu oran\u0131n 2016 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki %19\u2019luk seviyesinin neredeyse iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Arab News\u2019e g\u00f6re, de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin \u201ce\u011fitime daha iyi eri\u015fim, do\u011furganl\u0131k oranlar\u0131nda azalma ve daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ortam\u201d dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli fakt\u00f6rlere ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r[29]<\/a>. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00fclkedeki 25 ya\u015f ve \u00fczeri kad\u0131nlar\u0131n neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7te biri (%32) en az lisans derecesine sahipti. Bu oran yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rtte bir (%26) oldu\u011fu 2017 y\u0131l\u0131na k\u0131yasla ciddi bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

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\u0130\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin Suudi Arabistan ekonomisine 2032 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 39 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 (%3,5) katk\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 bekleniyor ve demografik kazan\u0131mdan yararlanmada h\u00fck\u00fcmet eyleminin \u00f6nemini vurguluyor. Bu de\u011fi\u015fim, di\u011fer hedeflerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u201ckad\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesini ve gen\u00e7lerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131\u201d art\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan h\u00fck\u00fcmetin Vizyon 2030<\/a> program\u0131n\u0131 takip ediyor[30]<\/a>. Bu y\u0131l D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019ndan[31]<\/a> gelen bir raporda, Suudi Arabistan h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u201ckad\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi konusunda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ileti\u015fim sergilemesinin\u201d kat\u0131l\u0131mdaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131 destekleyen \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6r oldu\u011fu belirtildi.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, yap\u0131sal ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ve COVID-19 pandemisinin etkisinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u201ckad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli yasal reformlar\u0131n ve yeni programlar\u0131n\u201d \u00f6nemini de vurgulad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ortakl\u0131klar olu\u015fturmak<\/h2>\n

Devlet faaliyeti \u00f6nemli olsa da, demografik kazan\u0131mdan yararlanmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 giri\u015fimler de \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 duyacakt\u0131r. UNICEF\u2019e g\u00f6re, MENA \u00fclkelerinde i\u015f piyasas\u0131na yeni giren i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc arz\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamada ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne duyulan g\u00fcveni azaltmak i\u00e7in gerekli i\u015f yaratma rol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201c\u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r odakl\u0131\u201d[32]<\/a> olmas\u0131 gereklidir. UNICEF\u2019in b\u00f6lgeye ili\u015fkin raporu, \u00fclkelerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletmelerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini desteklemek i\u00e7in \u201ce\u015fit yasal ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131\u201d ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc sanayi devrimini olu\u015fturan teknolojideki h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimden faydalanmak i\u00e7in kendilerini konumland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyor.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve i\u015fletmeler aras\u0131nda ortakl\u0131k potansiyelinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli alanlardan biri de e\u011fitimdir.<\/p>\n

Bakanl\u0131k dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan biri, Suudi Arabistan\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcmetin son zamanlarda e\u011fitim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme ve geli\u015ftirme konusunda teknoloji potansiyeline odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131[33]<\/a>. Suudi h\u00fck\u00fcmeti gerek dijitalle\u015fme gerek e\u011fitime \u00f6ncelik vermesiyle birlikte \u00fclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fck gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfusunun sanal s\u0131n\u0131flar, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i \u00f6\u011frenme platformlar\u0131 ve e\u011fitim i\u00e7eri\u011fi geli\u015ftirme gibi alanlarda hem yerel hem de yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in verimli bir zemin sundu\u011funa inan\u0131yor. D\u00fczenleyici reformlar\u0131n ve finansal te\u015fviklerin katk\u0131s\u0131yla okullar ve kolejler ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak e\u011fitim teknolojisi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini destekliyor.<\/p>\n

Fas\u2019taki Mohammed VI Polytechnic \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin ba\u015fkan\u0131 Hicham El Habti, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim sisteminde ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecine \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn de dahil olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yor[34]<\/a>. E\u011fitim programlar\u0131 \u201ctopluma fayda sa\u011flayan giri\u015fimci ruhu beslemek i\u00e7in yeniden tasarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diye savunuyor ve \u201cAfrika\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcniversiteleri, sanayisi ve i\u015fletmeleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc sinerjiden yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini\u201d ifade ediyor.<\/p>\n

Kendi \u00fcniversitesi de on y\u0131l \u00f6nce, sanayi orta\u011f\u0131 olan madencilik ve imalat \u015firketi OCP Group\u2019un \u00f6nceliklerine odaklanarak kuruldu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeyse bilim ve teknolojiden i\u015fletme ve y\u00f6netime hatta be\u015feri bilimlere kadar bir\u00e7ok alanda e\u011fitim veriyor. Microsoft ve IBM gibi k\u00fcresel firmalar\u0131n gen\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda yapay zeka ve siber g\u00fcvenlik gibi alanlarda dijital beceriler geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in programlar\u0131 destekledi\u011fi Hindistan\u2019da da te\u015fvik edici i\u015f birlikleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.[35]<\/a>,<\/sup>[36]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcr ortakl\u0131klar, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin ve i\u015fletmelerin gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfusun kapasitelerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in birlikte nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabileceklerine dair heyecan verici \u00f6rnekler sunuyor. Bu, bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin gelecekteki beklentileri i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rev. Gen\u00e7 Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131, k\u0131tan\u0131n \u201ca\u00e7\u0131k ara en de\u011ferli varl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlayan El Habti, \u201cAfrika\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek potansiyeline sadece gen\u00e7leri motive ederek ula\u015fabilece\u011fini\u201d belirtiyor.<\/p>\n

Jameel ailesi, MENA b\u00f6lgesindeki ve ba\u015fka yerlerdeki gen\u00e7lerin potansiyellerine ula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine anlaml\u0131 katk\u0131da bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015feni yapmaya devam ediyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1994 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana, Community Jameel<\/a>\u2019in Jameel-Toyota burs program\u0131<\/a> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 gencin ABD\u2019deki Massachusetts Institute of Technology’de (MIT<\/a>) e\u011fitim g\u00f6rerek potansiyellerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmelerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olduk. Bu program\u0131n bir\u00e7ok mezunu, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir gelece\u011fin in\u015fas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunabilecekleri i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ve akademide ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 kariyerlere devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n