{"id":128111,"date":"2026-08-26T05:12:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T05:12:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alj.com\/perspective\/could-drug-resistance-in-livestock-be-a-threat-to-global-welfare\/"},"modified":"2026-09-08T07:20:06","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T07:20:06","slug":"could-drug-resistance-in-livestock-be-a-threat-to-global-welfare","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/could-drug-resistance-in-livestock-be-a-threat-to-global-welfare\/","title":{"rendered":"Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta ilaca kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7, k\u00fcresel refah i\u00e7in bir tehdit olabilir mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Antimikrobiyal direncin (AMD) insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisi ger\u00e7ek ve tehlikelidir. Ancak insanlarda ilaca kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 hikayenin sadece bir k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131ndaki AMD, yaln\u0131zca hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00fcresel beslenme, k\u0131rsal ekonomiler ve\u00a01,3 milyar insan\u0131n ge\u00e7iminden sorumlu bir sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn finansal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 derecede y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olma potansiyeline sahiptir.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc istenmeyen s\u00fcper b\u00f6cek su\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in fark\u0131nda olmadan birer petri kab\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Avrupa \u00e7iftliklerindeki domuzlar\u0131n %50\u2019ye kadar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k MRSA ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bununla m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle d\u00fczenleme ve g\u00f6zetimin genellikle daha zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomilerde antimikrobiyal ila\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131 son 20 y\u0131lda %50\u2019den fazla b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. D\u00fcnya genelinde, t\u00fcm antimikrobiyal ila\u00e7lar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %70\u2019i hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u015eu anda, y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 100.000 ton antimikrobiyal verilmekte, ancak k\u00fcresel n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 et ve hayvan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine olan talebi art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu rakam\u0131n 2040<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> y\u0131l\u0131na kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 140.000 tona \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 beklenmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Vaka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131: Tavuklar ABD\u2019de salmonella vakalar\u0131nda art\u0131\u015fa neden olmaktad\u0131r<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>2025 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin bir\u00e7ok eyaletinde y\u00fczlerce ki\u015fi, \u015fiddetli ishal, ate\u015f ve kusma nedeniyle hastaneye yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131 enfekte eden potansiyel olarak \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir bakteri olan salmonella i\u00e7in test sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 pozitif \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, su\u015fun hastanenin Fosfomisin gibi birinci basamak antibiyotiklerine diren\u00e7li olmas\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130ki ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti Ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n arka bah\u00e7edeki tavuk s\u00fcr\u00fclerinden insanlara <a href=\"https:\/\/alj.com\/en\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/time-for-climate-action-to-go-viral\/\">ge\u00e7ti\u011fini<\/a> ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Antimikrobiyallerin artan kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, diren\u00e7 geli\u015fme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmesi evrimin do\u011fal bir y\u00f6n\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00c7evresel maruziyet g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, daha \u00f6nce savunmas\u0131z olan mikroplar (bakteri, vir\u00fcs, mantar veya mikroskobik parazitler) bir zamanlar kendilerini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lan ila\u00e7lara kar\u015f\u0131 kademeli olarak ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar, AMD\u2019nin s\u00fcrekli yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar k\u00fcresel hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fczeylerinde %8\u2019e veya g\u0131da \u00fcretiminin zaten zorlu oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli \u00fclkelerde %11\u2019e varan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u00fcresel g\u0131da sistemlerimizin bu kadar tehdit alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131na nas\u0131l izin verdik?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-127986\" src=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-150x106.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_1-2048x1448.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Neden antibiyotiklere bu kadar ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131y\u0131z?<\/h2>\n<p>Antibiyotikler bir soruna neden oluyorsa, neden daha az kullanm\u0131yoruz? Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, kavramsal olarak sadeli\u011fi sayesinde son derece dahiyane g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Ancak ger\u00e7ek daha karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Antibiyotikler, bakterileri do\u011frudan \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek veya \u00e7o\u011falmalar\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek enfeksiyonlar\u0131 tedavi eden modern t\u0131bb\u0131n temel unsurlar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan hastalarda onlar\u0131 ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131r\u0131z:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bron\u015fit veya pn\u00f6moni gibi solunum yolu enfeksiyonlar\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Enfekte kesikler<\/li>\n<li>Cinsel yolla bula\u015fan hastal\u0131klar<\/li>\n<li>\u0130drar ve mesane enfeksiyonlar\u0131<\/li>\n<li>ve menenjit gibi di\u011fer ciddi hastal\u0131klar<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bazen, insanlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funda veya ameliyat olmalar\u0131 bekleniyorsa \u00f6nleyici olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar veya v\u00fccudun do\u011fal savunmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in enfeksiyon sonras\u0131nda re\u00e7ete edilirler.<\/p>\n<p>Hem insan hem de hayvanlarda kullan\u0131lan yayg\u0131n antibiyotikler \u015funlar\u0131 i\u00e7erir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Amoksisilin gibi penisilinler<\/li>\n<li>Sepsis i\u00e7in sefalosporinler<\/li>\n<li>Zat\u00fcrre i\u00e7in makrolidler<\/li>\n<li>ve tekrarlayan enfeksiyonlar i\u00e7in florokinolonlar<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hayvan pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, tedbir ama\u00e7l\u0131 antibiyotikler genellikle i\u00e7me suyu ve yem yoluyla t\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcye verilir. \u00d6nleme, tedaviden \u015f\u00fcphesiz daha iyi olsa da, bu profilaktik yakla\u015f\u0131m ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak gere\u011finden fazla re\u00e7eteleme durumuna yol a\u00e7ar. \u0130yi niyetle hareket ederken yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla, do\u011fal olarak olu\u015fan bakterileri mutasyona u\u011frat\u0131p yar\u0131n\u0131n ilaca diren\u00e7li enfeksiyonlar\u0131 haline gelmelerini te\u015fvik edebiliriz.<\/p>\n<h2>AMD tehdidini g\u00f6rmezden gelmenin tehlikeleri nelerdir?<\/h2>\n<p>AMD, gelecekteki bir tarih i\u00e7in varsay\u0131msal bir sorun de\u011fildir; bug\u00fcn zaten etkileriyle ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Etkili antibiyotikler olmadan enfekte hayvanlar\u0131 uygun \u015fekilde tedavi edemeyiz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc uygun \u015fekilde tedavi etmemek insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f etkileri olan gereksiz ac\u0131 ve erken \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olur.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>AMD sorununu k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta ele almamak, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ekonomik \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 i\u00e7in 100 trilyon ABD dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda k\u00fcm\u00fclatif bir maliyete neden olabilir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0130la\u00e7 ge\u00e7irmez E.coli, Campylobacter ve salmonella su\u015flar\u0131, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda k\u00fcmes hayvan\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fclerinde tespit edilmi\u015f ve bunun sonucunda b\u00fcy\u00fcme gerili\u011fi ve toplu itlaflar g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Domuz \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri de benzer \u015fekilde, kontamine d\u0131\u015fk\u0131, s\u0131\u00e7an veya ekipman yoluyla yay\u0131lan y\u00fcksek derecede bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 ve \u015fiddetli bir mukohemorajik hastal\u0131k olan antimikrobiyal diren\u00e7li domuz dizanterisi vakalar\u0131yla ilgili daha fazla bildirimde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Vaka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131: \u0130laca diren\u00e7li \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019taki MRSA salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fckl\u00fcyor<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019taki Covid karantinas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, yan\u0131k \u00fcnitesinde tedavi g\u00f6ren 22 ila 70 ya\u015f aras\u0131 bir d\u00fczine hastan\u0131n yaralar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok MRSA olarak bilinen Staphylococcus aureus\u00a0ile enfekte olmu\u015ftur.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Daha sonra birka\u00e7 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z tedaviyle, su\u015fun canl\u0131 hayvan kaynakl\u0131 ve Metisilin antibiyoti\u011fine diren\u00e7li oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve bu da r-tedavi giri\u015fim se\u00e7eneklerini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131. T\u00fcm hastalar sa\u011f kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak MRSA\u2019n\u0131n tesise nas\u0131l girdi\u011fi hi\u00e7bir zaman do\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Konvansiyonel antibiyotikler bir\u00e7ok durumda zaten yetersiz oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamakta ve bu nedenle \u00e7ift\u00e7iler giderek artan bir \u015fekilde bakteriyel ribozom \u00fczerinde farkl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgeye ba\u011flanan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc antibakteriyeller olan plevromutilinlere d\u00f6nmektedir. Bununla birlikte, plevromutilinler bile artan bakteriyel diren\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r ve hayvan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli miktarda kay\u0131p riski ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Domuz dizanterisi, enfekte s\u00fcr\u00fcler aras\u0131nda %90 morbidite ve %30 mortalite oranlar\u0131yla, b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131ma yol a\u00e7abilmektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Harekete ge\u00e7ememe, kar\u015f\u0131layamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir l\u00fckst\u00fcr. K\u00fcresel olarak \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131nda AMD sorunuyla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmamak, y\u0131ll\u0131k GSY\u0130H\u2019de %3,8\u2019lik bir azalma ile 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ekonomik \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ya 100 trilyon ABD dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda k\u00fcm\u00fclatif maliyet do\u011furabilir.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> En k\u00f6t\u00fc durum senaryolar\u0131nda, t\u00fcm antibiyotikler bakteriyel mutasyon nedeniyle ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olursa, bunun bedeli insan hayat\u0131nda \u00f6denecektir.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c7iftlik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7iftlik hayvan\u0131 AMD\u2019si neden \u00f6nemlidir?<\/h2>\n<p>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta AMD\u2019nin etkisi \u00e7iftlik kap\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. G\u0131da sistemleri, sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemleri, ekosistemler ve ekonomiler aras\u0131nda dola\u015f\u0131r; bu nedenle AMD\u2019nin giderek artan bir \u015fekilde insan, hayvan, bitki ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n birbirinden ayr\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu sorun olan \u2018tek sa\u011fl\u0131k\u2019 sorunu oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Hayvanlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sonu\u00e7lar daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Yayg\u0131n enfeksiyonlar\u0131n tedavisi zorla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00e7ift\u00e7iler daha uzun vadeli zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr, mortalite artar ve \u00e7ift\u00e7iler daha y\u00fcksek veterinerlik maliyetleri, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimlilik ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131r. \u015eiddetli vakalarda, diren\u00e7li enfeksiyonlar itlafa katk\u0131da bulunabilir, \u00fcreme programlar\u0131n\u0131 kesintiye u\u011fratabilir ve g\u00fcvenli, uygun fiyatl\u0131 hayvan proteininin mevcudiyetini azaltabilir. Bu nedenle, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 aileler ve toplumlar i\u00e7in sorun sadece hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmakla kalmaz gelir, beslenme ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k olur.<\/p>\n<p>Diren\u00e7li bakteriler; hayvanlarla, kontamine g\u0131dalarla, g\u00fcbreyle, toprakla, suyla ve daha geni\u015f bir ortamla do\u011frudan temas yoluyla insanlara ula\u015fabilir. Diren\u00e7li organizmalar insan pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131na girdikten sonra g\u00fcnl\u00fck enfeksiyonlar\u0131n tedavi edilmesini zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilir ve ameliyat, kanser tedavisi, do\u011fum ve yo\u011fun bak\u0131mla ili\u015fkili riskleri art\u0131rabilirler. <em>The Lancet<\/em>\u2019te yap\u0131lan global analiz, AMD\u2019nin daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir eylem olmadan 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar y\u0131lda 1,91 milyon \u00f6l\u00fcmden do\u011frudan sorumlu olabilece\u011fini ve AMD ile ili\u015fkili olarak y\u0131lda 8,22 milyon \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelece\u011fini tahmin etmektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sosyal maliyet s\u00f6z konusudur. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, kontrol edilmeyen AMD\u2019nin 28 milyon insan\u0131 yoksullu\u011fa itebilece\u011fi konusunda uyar\u0131larda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Modelleme, \u00f6zellikle hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta AMD ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131n global GSY\u0130H\u2019ye 950 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na kadar mal olabilece\u011fini; diren\u00e7li patojenlerin besi hayvanlar\u0131ndan insanlara yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ise 5,2 trilyon ABD dolar\u0131na kadar mal olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> Bu rakamlar sorunun \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r: AMD, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri sistemlerini zay\u0131flatabilir, ticareti bozabilir, hane i\u00e7i t\u0131bbi maliyetleri art\u0131rabilir ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011fiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olan \u00fclkelere ek bask\u0131 yapabilir.<\/p>\n<p>AMD ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7evre i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir risk te\u015fkil eder. Antimikrobiyal kal\u0131nt\u0131lar ve diren\u00e7li bakteriler g\u00fcbre, tar\u0131msal y\u00fczey ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sistemleri yoluyla topra\u011fa ve su yollar\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fabilir. FAO, test edilen antibiyotiklerin %75 ila %90\u2019\u0131n\u0131n metabolize edilmeden hayvanlardan at\u0131labilece\u011fini ve diren\u00e7li organizmalar\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in daha fazla f\u0131rsat yaratabilece\u011fini belirtmektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, hayvanlarda sorumlu antimikrobiyal kullan\u0131m\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n kendilerini korumaktan \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir etkiye sahiptir. Daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 hayvanlar daha az ila\u00e7 gerektirir; daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc biyo-g\u00fcvenlik enfeksiyon bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r; daha iyi g\u00f6zetim salg\u0131nlar\u0131 daha erken kontrol alt\u0131na almaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur ve geli\u015fmi\u015f at\u0131k y\u00f6netimi \u00e7evresel kontaminasyonu s\u0131n\u0131rlar. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta AMD ile m\u00fccadele, daha g\u00fcvenli g\u0131da, daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 tar\u0131m, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti riski ve daha uzun vadeli ekonomik istikrar anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n<p>AMD\u2019nin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7iftliklere, hastanelere, g\u0131da sistemlerine ve ekosistemlere yay\u0131l\u0131rsa, yan\u0131t e\u015fit derecede b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu; direncin nerede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, nas\u0131l yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hangi m\u00fcdahalelerin hayvan refah\u0131 veya g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finden \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeden antimikrobiyal ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 azaltabilece\u011fini daha net bir \u015fekilde anlamakla ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0130la\u00e7 direncini azaltmak i\u00e7in ne yapabiliriz?<\/h2>\n<p>AMD direnci d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir tehdit olsa da, salg\u0131nlar\u0131 izlemek ve geleneksel ila\u00e7lar\u0131n azalan performans\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmek i\u00e7in merkezi bir kurulu\u015f yoktur.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u015fiddetini anlamazsak AMD\u2019ye etkili bir \u015fekilde nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131 koyabiliriz?<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7evrimi\u00e7i AMD veri taban\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/resistancebank.org\/\">resistancebank.org<\/a>, Avrupa, Asya, Afrika, Kuzey Amerika ve G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019y\u0131 kapsayan hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k raporlar\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce AMD\u2019yi bir araya getirerek bu eksikli\u011fi ele almay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bununla birlikte, kapsaml\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131r, yaln\u0131zca \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131ndaki AMD oranlar\u0131n\u0131n %50\u2019yi a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r ve farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde tutars\u0131z \u00f6rnekleme ile k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>AMD Ger\u00e7ekleri ve Rakamlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1,3 milyar insan<\/strong> ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in hayvan ve tar\u0131ma bel ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00fcnya genelinde t\u00fcm antimikrobiyal ila\u00e7lar\u0131n %70\u2019i<\/strong> hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r<\/li>\n<li>2040 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar her y\u0131l <strong>140.000 ton antimikrobiyal <\/strong>kullan\u0131lacak olup bu rakam bug\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k <strong>100.000 <\/strong>tondan art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterecektir<\/li>\n<li>2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar <strong>d\u00fcnyadaki hayvanlar\u0131n %8<\/strong>\u2019i AMD nedeniyle kaybedilebilir ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli \u00fclkelerde %<strong>11\u2019e y\u00fckselebilir<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar AMD\u2019ye do\u011frudan atfedilebilir y\u0131lda <strong>1,91 milyon \u00f6l\u00fcm<\/strong> beklenmektedir<\/li>\n<li><strong>28 milyon insan<\/strong> kontrols\u00fcz AMD ile yoksullu\u011fa itilebilir<\/li>\n<li>AMD nedeniyle hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili <strong>950 milyar ABD dolar\u0131<\/strong> zarar olu\u015fabilir<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131ktan insanlara ge\u00e7en ilaca diren\u00e7li patojenler nedeniyle <strong>5,2 trilyon ABD dolar\u0131<\/strong> maliyet<\/li>\n<li>Etkilenen s\u00fcr\u00fclerde AMD\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 domuz dizanterisinde %<strong>90 morbidite<\/strong> ve <strong>%30 mortalite<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-127993\" src=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-150x106.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2205-ALJ-AMR-in-Livestock-V3_2-2048x1448.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/home\/\">D\u00fcnya Hayvan Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc,<\/a> AMD\u2019yi \u201czaman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcresel sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131ndan biri\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> Yine de, korkun\u00e7 s\u00fcper b\u00f6ceklerin daha fazla yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan birka\u00e7 strateji ile her \u015feyin kaybedilmedi\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cZaman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcresel sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131ndan biri\u201d \u2013 Antimikrobiyal diren\u00e7 hakk\u0131nda D\u00fcnya Hayvan Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ifadesi<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00c7iftliklerden topra\u011f\u0131m\u0131za ve su yollar\u0131m\u0131za s\u0131zan fazla antibiyotikler, vah\u015fi do\u011fada diren\u00e7li bakterilerin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmektedir. Hayvan at\u0131klar\u0131 genellikle tar\u0131msal g\u00fcbre olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, g\u00fcbredeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile daha geni\u015f alanlara yay\u0131labilir. Bu nedenle sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, verdikleri ila\u00e7 miktar\u0131 konusunda kesin olarak bilgi sahibi olarak ve kalan ila\u00e7lar\u0131n sorumlu bir \u015fekilde imha edilmesini sa\u011flayarak sorunu s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. Hayvan at\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine ve antimikrobiyallerle temas etmi\u015f olabilecek di\u011fer end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131k sular\u0131 i\u00e7in temiz bertaraf teknikleri uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130kinci olarak, \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in hijyenik ko\u015fullara odaklanarak hayvan hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 salg\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabiliriz. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler dahil olmak \u00fczere iyi hayvan y\u00f6netimi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Yeni gelen hayvanlar\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fclere entegre etmeden \u00f6nce karantinaya almak<\/li>\n<li>Ziyaret\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iftliklerle s\u0131n\u0131rlama<\/li>\n<li>Dezenfektan ayak tepsilerini kullanma<\/li>\n<li>Otlanan araziye eri\u015fimi k\u0131s\u0131tlama<\/li>\n<li>Ara\u00e7lar\u0131, aletleri ve ekipman\u0131 rutin olarak dezenfekte etme<\/li>\n<li>ve yemliklere girerek yemleri t\u00fcketebilecek ve hastal\u0131k etkenlerini daha da yayabilecek zararl\u0131lar ve di\u011fer yabani hayvanlar\u0131n kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in israf olmadan etkili s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayarak uzman veterinerler ile birlikte \u00f6zel a\u015f\u0131 programlar\u0131 tasarlamal\u0131d\u0131r. Hayvanlar hastal\u0131k belirtileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcnl\u00fck olarak denetlenmeli ve \u015f\u00fcpheli \u00f6zellikler tespit edilirse derhal di\u011fer hayvanlardan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fc hayvanlar, di\u011fer hayvanlar\u0131n temas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla vakit kaybetmeden kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve uygun \u015fekilde imha edilmelidir.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>D\u00fczenli testler, AMD hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 vakalar\u0131n\u0131n salg\u0131n haline gelmeden \u00f6nce tek tek belirlenmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, meraya dayal\u0131 hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k yapan \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n su ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7in akarsu ve hendek yerine kimyasal olarak ar\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve kayna\u011f\u0131 belli \u015febeke suyu kullanmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131v\u0131 hayvan g\u00fcbresi, otlatma d\u00f6nemlerinde meralara uygulanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fczenli testler, AMD hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 vakalar\u0131n\u0131n salg\u0131n haline gelmeden \u00f6nce tek tek belirlenmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. Biyo-g\u00fcvenlik planlar\u0131 g\u00fcncel olmal\u0131 ve hastal\u0131k tespiti durumunda uygun yan\u0131tlar\u0131 detayland\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r: \u0130zlenebilirli\u011fe yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in ilgili makamlar\u0131 derhal bilgilendirmek ve hayvan hareketlerinin eksiksiz kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 tutmak.<\/p>\n<p>Baz\u0131 tar\u0131m ve beslenme uzmanlar\u0131, antimikrobiyallerin \u00f6tesine bakmaya ba\u015flamakta ve bunun yerine hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na daha b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik etmektedir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131rsak floras\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek, do\u011fal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek ve hayvanlar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in bakteri veya maya gibi canl\u0131 mikroorganizmalar olan probiyotiklere y\u00f6nelmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Hangi taktik hangi y\u00f6nelim lehine olursa olsun, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn finansal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc AMD sorununu d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6zmenin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. ABD \u00fcniversitesi MIT ve Abdul Latif Jameel Uluslararas\u0131 a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Jameel Research aras\u0131ndaki <a href=\"https:\/\/alj.com\/en\/news\/jameel-research-to-fund-research-project-at-mits-department-of-biological-engineering-to-combat-anti-microbial-resistance\/\">heyecan verici yeni bir i\u015f birli\u011fi<\/a>, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda hayvanlar\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in ortakl\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r, artan ila\u00e7 direnciyle m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in yapay zekay\u0131 kullanabilir mi?<\/h2>\n<p>Jameel Research, Ocak 2026\u2019da AMD ile m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in MIT\u2019in Biyolojik M\u00fchendislik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yeni bir projeye finansman sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-128000\" src=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1826\" height=\"1021\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT.jpg 1826w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-1024x573.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-768x429.jpg 768w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-1536x859.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Bruce-Currie-Prof-James-Collins-MIT-226x126.jpg 226w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1826px) 100vw, 1826px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0130ddial\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k projeye, MIT\u2019de T\u0131p M\u00fchendisli\u011fi ve Bilimi Termeer Profes\u00f6r\u00fc<a href=\"https:\/\/www.collinslab.mit.edu\/\"> Profes\u00f6r James J. Collins<\/a> ve MIT\u2019in Yapay Zeka ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinde inovasyon merkezi olarak faaliyet g\u00f6steren <a href=\"https:\/\/jclinic.mit.edu\/\">MIT Jameel Clinic<\/a>\u2019te Ya\u015fam Bilimleri Fak\u00fcltesi Lideri ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Profes\u00f6r Collins ve ekibi, yeni nesil antibakteriyel tedaviler ve h\u0131zl\u0131 te\u015fhis ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Sentetik biyolojiyi geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fcretken yapay zeka ile birle\u015ftiren proje, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rmay\u0131 ve en etkili olduklar\u0131 yerde antibiyotikleri hedeflemeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u2018Minibinder\u2019lar kritik toksinleri ve protein hedeflerini n\u00f6tralize etmek i\u00e7in modifiye edilmi\u015f mikroplar yoluyla iletilecektir<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0130lk a\u015fama, \u00e7e\u015fitli bakteriyel patojenlerde AMD ile m\u00fccadele etmeyi ama\u00e7layan programlanabilir antibakteriyel tedaviler geli\u015ftirmeye ve valide etmeye odaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u2018minibinder\u2019lar kritik toksinleri ve protein hedeflerini n\u00f6tralize etmek i\u00e7in modifiye edilmi\u015f mikroplar yoluyla iletilecektir<\/p>\n<p>Antibiyotik geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik bu yeni strateji, hem hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta hem de insanlarda AMD\u2019nin \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in programlanabilir tedaviler olu\u015fturman\u0131n uzun vadeli hedefine y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m\u0131 temsil etmektedir. Gelecekte, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan patojenler i\u00e7in t\u0131bbi kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmesini de sa\u011flayabilir ve salg\u0131nlara k\u00fcresel yan\u0131t\u0131 iyile\u015ftirebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Profes\u00f6r Collins, <em>\u201cAntimikrobiyal diren\u00e7, bug\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z en acil sorunlardan biridir ve bunun \u00fcstesinden gelmek, iddial\u0131 bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir i\u015fbirli\u011fi gerektirecektir\u201d<\/em> dedi. <em>\u201cBu proje, AMD ile m\u00fccadele etmenin hem cesur bilimsel fikirler hem de ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya etkisine giden bir yol gerektirdi\u011fine olan inanc\u0131m\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cMIT ile uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden ili\u015fkimiz ve k\u00fcresel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme ve daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir gelece\u011fe katk\u0131da bulunma taahh\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00fczerine kurulu bu yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 desteklemekten mutluluk duyuyoruz.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cMIT ile uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden ili\u015fkimiz ve k\u00fcresel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme ve daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir gelece\u011fe katk\u0131da bulunma taahh\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00fczerine kurulu bu yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 desteklemekten mutluluk duyuyoruz.\u201d Profes\u00f6r James J. Collins<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Modern t\u0131p ve teknolojiden mucizeler beklerken, AMD\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 tutumumuz konusunda tetikte olmal\u0131y\u0131z. Patojenlerin \u00e7evrelerine uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 ve antikorlara diren\u00e7 geli\u015ftirmesini durduramayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kabul etmeliyiz. Sonu\u00e7ta evrim, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fcnyaya bu kadar iyi uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan s\u00fcrecin kendisidir.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak kabul etmek, eylemsizlik anlam\u0131na gelmez. Bunun yerine, en yeni AMD ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in canl\u0131 bir ekosistemi desteklemeye odaklan\u0131rken, adaptasyon s\u00fcrecini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca geciktirmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 benimsemeliyiz.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131ndaki antimikrobiyallerin etkinli\u011fini koruyarak gelecekteki t\u0131bbi bak\u0131m\u0131n, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin, \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve d\u00fcnyadaki topluluklar\u0131n ekonomik dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n muhafaza edilmesine de yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyoruz.<\/p>\n<p>Bu ikili strateji, gelecek nesiller i\u00e7in tar\u0131m ekonomilerini ve g\u0131da \u00fcretimini korurken, k\u00fcresel hayvanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 bir fark yaratma \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 da sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Be\u015f pratik bilgi<\/h2>\n<p><strong>S: D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar sorunu ne kadar yayg\u0131nd\u0131r?<\/strong><br \/>\nC: Avrupa \u00e7iftliklerindeki domuzlar\u0131n %50\u2019ye kadar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k bir\u00e7ok yayg\u0131n antibiyoti\u011fe diren\u00e7li bir t\u00fcr Staphylococcus bakterisi olan MRSA ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S: AMD k\u00fcresel hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k seviyelerine zarar verebilir mi?<\/strong><br \/>\nC: \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar, AMD\u2019nin s\u00fcrekli yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar k\u00fcresel hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fczeylerinde %8\u2019e varan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S: \u00c7iftlikler \u00e7ok fazla m\u0131 antibiyotik kullan\u0131yor?<\/strong><br \/>\nC: Antimikrobiyal kullan\u0131m\u0131, son 20 y\u0131lda %50\u2019den fazla artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve t\u00fcm antimikrobiyal ila\u00e7lar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %70\u2019i art\u0131k k\u00fcresel hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcketilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S: Hayvanlardaki AMD neden daha geni\u015f toplum i\u00e7in de bir tehdittir?<\/strong><br \/>\nC: Diren\u00e7li bakteriler; g\u0131da sistemleri, do\u011frudan hayvan temas\u0131, g\u00fcbre, toprak ve su yoluyla yay\u0131larak insanlarda tedavisi daha zor enfeksiyon riskini art\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S: AMD k\u00fcresel ekonomiye neye mal olabilir?<\/strong><br \/>\nC: D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, kontrol edilmeyen AMD\u2019nin 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar her y\u0131l k\u00fcresel GSY\u0130H\u2019nin %3,8\u2019ini silebilece\u011fini ve 28 milyon insan\u0131 yoksullu\u011fa itebilece\u011fini tahmin etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0195670121004357\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0195670121004357<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-56825-7\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-56825-7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health\">https:\/\/www.fairr.org\/news-events\/insights\/amr-material-risks-animal-health<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736%2824%2901867-1\/fulltext\">https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736%2824%2901867-1\/fulltext<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/health\/brief\/antimicrobial-resistance-amr\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/health\/brief\/antimicrobial-resistance-amr<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/one-health\/areas-of-work\/antimicrobial-resistance\/en\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/one-health\/areas-of-work\/antimicrobial-resistance\/en<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/what-we-do\/global-initiatives\/antimicrobial-resistance\/\">https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/what-we-do\/global-initiatives\/antimicrobial-resistance\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":128014,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta ilaca kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7, k\u00fcresel refah i\u00e7in bir tehdit olabilir mi? | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Antimikrobiyal direncin (AMD) insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisi ger\u00e7ek ve tehlikelidir. 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