{"id":13860,"date":"2017-08-16T11:33:22","date_gmt":"2017-08-16T11:33:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/addressing-impact-air-water-pollution-worldwide\/"},"modified":"2020-01-06T12:24:12","modified_gmt":"2020-01-06T12:24:12","slug":"addressing-impact-air-water-pollution-worldwide","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/addressing-impact-air-water-pollution-worldwide\/","title":{"rendered":"J-WAFS i\u015fba\u015f\u0131nda: D\u00fcnyadaki hava ve su kirlili\u011finin etkileri irdeleniyor"},"content":{"rendered":"

2008 ve 2013 aras\u0131nda k\u00fcresel hava kirlili\u011fi d\u00fczeyleri y\u00fczde 8 artt\u0131[1]<\/a>. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fctleri ve De\u011ferlendirme Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (IHME) verilerine g\u00f6re d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 87\u2019si art\u0131k ortam kirlili\u011fi d\u00fczeylerinin D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmi\u015f hava kalitesi kurallar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan \u00fclkelerde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r \u2013 bu de\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta gelirli \u00fclkelerde y\u00fczde 90\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta gelirli \u00fclkelerde 100.000\u2019den \u00e7ok sakini bulunan kentlerin y\u00fczde 98\u2019i D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc hava kalitesi kurallar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayamamaktad\u0131r[3]<\/a>. Hava kirlili\u011fi artt\u0131k\u00e7a bir dizi sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunu riskleri de artmaktad\u0131r \u2013 fel\u00e7, kalp hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, akci\u011fer kanseri ve kronik solunum hastal\u0131klar\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere.<\/p>\n

2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda hava kirlili\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden 5,5 milyon ya\u015fam kaybedilmi\u015f olarak art\u0131k t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada erken \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc en \u00f6nemli risk fakt\u00f6r\u00fc durumundad\u0131r[4]<\/a>. Yaln\u0131zca o y\u0131l i\u00e7inde k\u00fcresel ekonomiye maliyeti 225 milyar ABD$ olmu\u015ftur[5]<\/a>. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019nda S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olan Laura Truck \u015funlar\u0131 belirtti: \u201cHava kirlili\u011fi temel insan refah\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden, do\u011fal ve fiziksel sermayeye zarar veren ve ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran bir g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckt\u00fcr.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m, hava kirlili\u011finin artmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir etkendir. Gerek g\u00fcbrelenen tarlalardan gerek canl\u0131 hayvan at\u0131klar\u0131ndan gelerek havaya b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda amonyak kat\u0131lmas\u0131 onun ba\u015fka kirleticiler ile birle\u015ferek par\u00e7ac\u0131k maddeler olu\u015fturmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r (ayr\u0131ca PM2.5 olarak da bilinmektedir[6]<\/a>) \u2013 bunlar insan sa\u00e7\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 1\/30\u2019u kadar olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7ac\u0131klard\u0131r[7]<\/a>. Bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar insanlar\u0131n akci\u011ferlerine girebilecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ve akci\u011fer kanseri ve kalp hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc hastal\u0131klara yol a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Daha temiz, daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir gelecek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hava kirlili\u011fi ku\u015fkusuz k\u00fcresel bir sorun olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen en y\u00fcksek PM2.5 konsantrasyonlar\u0131na Orta Do\u011fu ve Kuzey Afrika (MENA) b\u00f6lgesinde ve G\u00fcney ve Do\u011fu Asya\u2019da rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda Suudi Arabistan\u2019da hava kirlili\u011fi sonucunda 3.945 \u00f6l\u00fcm olmu\u015ftur ve bunun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 49,7 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm 54 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> olarak belirlenerek d\u00fcnyadaki en y\u00fcksek n\u00fcfus a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 ortalama hava kirlili\u011fi konsantrasyonu olmu\u015f ve Suudi Arabistan\u2019da 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda hava kirlili\u011finin do\u011frudan sonucu olarak 6.285 ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hava kirlili\u011finin yaln\u0131z insan maliyeti yoktur: ekonomik etki de \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. MENA\u2019da 2013\u2019de hava kirlili\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden i\u015f\u00e7ilik geliri kay\u0131plar\u0131 9 milyar ABD$\u2019dan fazla olmu\u015ftur[10]<\/a>. Ama b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir n\u00fcfus b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli tar\u0131m\u0131n artmaya devam edece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir \u2013 bu nedenle bu acil ve gittik\u00e7e daha \u00e7ok bast\u0131ran bu sorunu ele almak i\u00e7in yenilik\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u2019de (MIT) bulunan Abdul Latif Jameel D\u00fcnya Su ve G\u0131da G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Laboratuvar\u0131 (J-WAFS<\/a>) vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile Abdul Latif Jameel gezegenin en \u00f6nemli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerden baz\u0131lar\u0131na \u2013 kirlilik dahil olmak \u00fczere \u2013yan\u0131tlar bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. J-WAFS, \u00f6nc\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yeni teknolojiler haline gelmesi i\u00e7in fon sa\u011flayarak insanl\u0131k \u00fczerinde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir ve uluslararas\u0131 bir etkiye sahip olacak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 koordine etmek ve desteklemek amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2015 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri J-WAFS taraf\u0131ndan yirmi d\u00f6rt proje desteklenmi\u015f ve May\u0131s 2017\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131klanan tohum hibesi fonlar\u0131n\u0131n en son turunda 1,4 milyon ABD$ tahsis edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Hava kirlili\u011finin mahsul verimleri \u00fczerindeki etkisinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

J-WAFS taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen bir proje hava kirlili\u011finin gelecekteki tar\u0131msal verimler \u00fczerindeki etkisini de\u011ferlendirmeye ve \u00f6ng\u00f6rmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Avrupa Ekonomik Komisyonu (UNECE) 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda ozonun t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yeti\u015ftirilen \u00fc\u00e7 temel \u00fcr\u00fcnde \u2013 soya, bu\u011fday ve m\u0131s\u0131r \u2013 s\u0131ras\u0131 ile yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 6-16, y\u00fczde 7-12 ve y\u00fczde 3-5 k\u00fcresel kay\u0131plara yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmektedir.<\/p>\n

<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Colette Heald MIT\u2019te Yard\u0131mc\u0131 Profes\u00f6r ve \u0130n\u015faat ve \u00c7evre M\u00fchendisli\u011fi (CEE) B\u00f6l\u00fcm Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Kendisi CEE PhD \u00f6\u011frencisi Luke Schiferi ile birlikte ozon \u00f6nc\u00fc emisyonlar\u0131, par\u00e7ac\u0131k maddeler ve mahsul verimleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir proje \u00fczerinde geni\u015f \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hava kirlili\u011fi d\u00fczeyleri ile ilgili endi\u015felerin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u0131daya olan k\u00fcresel talebin y\u00fckseldi\u011fi bir ortamda hava kirlili\u011fi k\u00fcresel g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir risk olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Heald ve Schiferi beraberce, par\u00e7ac\u0131k maddelerin gelecekteki mahsul verimleri \u00fczerindeki potansiyel etkilerini daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in modelleme ve istatistik kullan\u0131yor. Kendileri, insanlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duran belirsizlikler hakk\u0131nda daha tam bir anlay\u0131\u015f geli\u015ftirmeyi ve \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131llar boyunca politikay\u0131 buna g\u00f6re \u015fekillendirmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Elde ettikleri ilk sonu\u00e7lar ozonun ve par\u00e7ac\u0131k maddelerin k\u00fcresel mahsul verimleri \u00fczerindeki etkileri aras\u0131nda karma\u015f\u0131k bir denge bulundu\u011funu akla getiriyor: baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde par\u00e7ac\u0131k maddeler baz\u0131 ozon hasarlar\u0131n\u0131 \u2013 ama hepsini de\u011fil \u2013 dengelemekte ama par\u00e7ac\u0131k maddelerin k\u00fcresel mahsul verimleri \u00fczerindeki etkisi belirsizli\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r. Schiferi, \u201c\u00d6rne\u011fin, ozon kirlili\u011fine daha a\u00e7\u0131k olan b\u00f6lgelerde \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ozona daha diren\u00e7li \u00fcr\u00fcnler ekmeye te\u015fvik edilebilir\u201d<\/em> diyor.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca bu ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n atmosferdeki par\u00e7ac\u0131k maddelerin miktar\u0131n\u0131 azaltan hava kirlili\u011fi politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ve y\u00f6netmeliklerinin \u201cgizli maliyetinin fark\u0131nda olman\u0131n ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu\u201d akla getirdi\u011fini belirtiyor. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k maddelerin iyile\u015ftirici etkileri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, par\u00e7ac\u0131k madde kirlili\u011finde bir azalmaya yol a\u00e7acak t\u00fcm politikalar mahsul \u00fcretiminde olumsuz etkilere sahip olabilir\u201d<\/em> diyor.<\/p>\n

J-WAFS ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadelede yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu tek endi\u015fe alan\u0131 hava kirlili\u011fi de\u011fildir: su kirlili\u011fi de t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada sorunlara yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Pestisitlerin, g\u00fcbrelerin ve di\u011fer tar\u0131msal kimyasal maddelerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 1950\u2019lerden beri \u00f6nemli derecede artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede su kirlili\u011finin artmas\u0131nda tar\u0131m temel bir etkendir[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Foto\u011fraf\u0131 veren: Melanie Gonick\/MIT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

MIT\u2019te J-WAFS taraf\u0131ndan verilen bir tohum hibesi ile desteklenen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir ekip, istenmeyen bile\u015fiklerin son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeylerini bile sudan temizlemek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 yeni bir y\u00f6ntem geli\u015ftirdi[12]<\/a>. Pestisitler, kimyasal at\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve farmas\u00f6tikler hep tehlikeli olabilir \u2013 nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck konsantrasyonlarda bulunduklar\u0131 zaman bile. Enerji ve \u00c7evre Bilimi<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zetlenen yeni yakla\u015f\u0131m bu organik kirleticileri se\u00e7ici \u015fekilde temizlemek i\u00e7in elektro-kimyasal bir y\u00f6ntem kullanmaktad\u0131r. Bunu \u2018faradayik\u2019 malzemeler \u2013 pozitif veya negatif olarak y\u00fcklenebilen malzemeler \u2013 kullanarak yapmaktad\u0131r; ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu malzemelere elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc ekleyerek onlar\u0131 en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck konsantrasyonlardaki kirletici molek\u00fcllerini bile kendilerine \u00e7ekerek temizleyecek \u015fekilde hassas d\u00fczeyde ayarlayabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu yeni y\u00f6ntem en yayg\u0131n durumdaki mevcut iki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, geleneksel ay\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemlerinin maliyet, g\u00fc\u00e7 ve kimyasal ar\u0131tma gereklilikleri gibi temel k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma 2016 MIT Su Yenilik\u00e7ili\u011fi \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kazanm\u0131\u015f ve bunun arkas\u0131ndaki ekip bu yeni i\u015flem i\u00e7in patent ba\u015fvurusunda bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu sistem, MIT\u2019te Kimya M\u00fchendisli\u011fi Ralph Landau Profes\u00f6r\u00fc T. Alan Hatton, MIT kimya m\u00fchendisli\u011fi doktora sonras\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Xiao Su ve ayr\u0131ca MIT\u2019ten ve Almanya\u2019daki Darmstadt Teknik \u00dcniversitesinden be\u015f ba\u015fka ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rma ile geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Teknoloji geli\u015ftirme alan\u0131nda \u00f6nde gelen bir ki\u015fi olan MIT doktora sonras\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 Xiao Su, bunun d\u00fcnyan\u0131n su kaynaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir etkide bulunabilece\u011fine inan\u0131yor. Kendisi \u015funlar\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir: \u201cBu gibi sistemler, pestisitler, boyalar veya daha ba\u015fka kimyasal maddeler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kirlenmenin su tedariki i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011funlukla bir sorun olu\u015fturdu\u011fu uzak b\u00f6lgelerde ve geli\u015fmekte olan d\u00fcnyada su ar\u0131tma sistemleri i\u00e7in son derece yararl\u0131 olabilir. Son derece verimli olan ve elektrik ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu sistem k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00fcne\u015f panellerinden al\u0131nan g\u00fc\u00e7 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya ko\u015fullar\u0131nda teknik bak\u0131mdan uygulanabilirli\u011fini do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in hen\u00fcz daha fazla test edilmesi gerekmesine ra\u011fmen prototip sistem umut verici sonu\u00e7lar ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma hakk\u0131nda bir video ve daha fazla bilgi burada<\/a> bulunabilir<\/p>\n

Gelecek ile ilgili taahh\u00fctlerimize yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmak<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hava ve su kirlili\u011fini ele almak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve etkili yollar bulmak t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckt\u00fcr ama baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin ba\u015fkalar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha fazla etkilendi\u011fi da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: hava kirlili\u011fi ile ili\u015fkilendirilen t\u00fcm \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 6\u2019s\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta gelirli \u00fclkelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemektedir[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Jameel Toplulu\u011fu Suudi Arabistan Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Hassan Jameel<\/a> \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir: \u201cSu ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ele almak ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde duran ortak bir sorunu ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bunun gibi teknoloji geli\u015ftirmek temel \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. J-WAFS\u2019nin milyonlarca hayat\u0131 olumlu \u015fekilde etkilemek i\u00e7in bilimin ve teknolojinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam etmesinin nedeni budur.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Abdul Latif Jameel, J-WAFS i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlara devam ederek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en keskin zihinlerine insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeye do\u011fru \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcc\u00fc vermektedir. Ancak birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ve d\u00fcnyada \u00f6nde gelen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparak t\u00fcm vatanda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z ve topluluklar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in daha parlak, daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir gelecek kurmay\u0131 umabiliriz.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Air pollution levels rising in many of the world\u2019s poorest cities<\/a>, World Health Organization, 12 May 2016<\/span>
\n [2]<\/a> The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action, World Bank and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), September 2016<\/span>
\n [3]<\/a> WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016)<\/a>, World Health Organization, accessed June 2017<\/span>
\n [4]<\/a> Air Pollution Deaths Cost Global Economy US$225 Billion<\/a>, World Bank, 8 September 2016<\/span>
\n [5]<\/a> Air Pollution Deaths Cost Global Economy US$225 Billion<\/a>, World Bank, 8 September 2016<\/span>
\n [6]<\/a> A Major Source of Air Pollution: Farms<\/a>, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, 16 May 2016<\/span>
\n [7]<\/a> Air Pollution Deaths Cost Economies in Middle East and North Africa More than $9 Billion<\/a>, World Bank, 8 September 2016<\/span>
\n [8]<\/a> Air Pollution Deaths Cost Economies in Middle East and North Africa More than $9 Billion<\/a>, World Bank, 8 September 2016<\/span>
\n [9]<\/a> The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action, World Bank and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), September 2016<\/span>
\n [10]<\/a> Air Pollution Deaths Cost Economies in Middle East and North Africa More than $9 Billion<\/a>, World Bank, 8 September 2016<\/span>
\n [11]<\/a> Farming: Pollution<\/a>, WWF, accessed June 2017<\/span>
\n [12]<\/a> MIT researchers develop new way to clear pollutants from water<\/a>, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 10 May 2017<\/span>
\n [13]<\/a> 7 shocking facts about air pollution<\/a>, World Economic Forum, 27 October 2016<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":13836,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDe\u011fi\u015fen bir gelecek: Suudi Arabistan'da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ekonomik rol\u00fc | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"2008-13 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u00fcresel hava kirlili\u011fi % 8 oran\u0131nda artt\u0131. 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