{"id":81203,"date":"2020-11-16T05:25:07","date_gmt":"2020-11-16T05:25:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/?post_type=perspective&#038;p=81203"},"modified":"2021-09-22T13:21:30","modified_gmt":"2021-09-22T13:21:30","slug":"tatli-su-yeni-fikirler-yenilenebilir-enerji-tuzdan-arindirmanin-gelecegi-olabilir-mi","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/tatli-su-yeni-fikirler-yenilenebilir-enerji-tuzdan-arindirmanin-gelecegi-olabilir-mi\/","title":{"rendered":"Tatl\u0131 su; yeni fikirler. Yenilenebilir enerji tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n gelece\u011fi olabilir mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130\u00e7me suyumuz bitiyor.<\/p>\n<p>Tar\u0131m, end\u00fcstri, kentle\u015fme ve n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 talebi art\u0131r\u0131rken iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi arz\u0131 azalt\u0131yor. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n her bir santigrat derecesinde, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n %7&#8217;si yenilenebilir su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n %20&#8217;sinin kurudu\u011funu g\u00f6rebilir.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> Su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile m\u00fccadele edeceksek, daha az t\u00fcketmeli, daha az israf etmeli, yeniden kullanmal\u0131 ve daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yaratmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p>McKinsey &amp; Company bunu hi\u00e7 yumu\u015fatmadan \u015fu \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor: <em>\u201cTatl\u0131 suyun tedariki tutarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde azal\u0131rken, talep s\u00fcrekli art\u0131yor. 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda, d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusu d\u00f6rt kat artmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n su kullan\u0131m\u0131 alt\u0131 kat artt\u0131.\u201d<\/em> <a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><em><sup><strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sup><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Kabullenmesi zor: su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekleri<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>3 ki\u015fiden 1&#8217;i g\u00fcvenli i\u00e7me suyuna eri\u015femiyor.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Orta Do\u011fu y\u0131lda 203 milyar metrek\u00fcp i\u00e7me suyu t\u00fcketiyor<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<li>D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun d\u00f6rtte birine ev sahipli\u011fi yapan on yedi \u00fclke, &#8220;son derece y\u00fcksek&#8221; seviyelerde temel su stresine maruz kal\u0131yor.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Su kaynaklar\u0131, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok su havzas\u0131nda %25&#8217;e kadar azalma g\u00f6sterebilir.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere GSY\u0130H&#8217;nin %6&#8217;s\u0131na kadar mal olabilir ve toplu g\u00f6\u00e7lere ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7abilir.<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u2018Deniz Suyu\u2019; su yapma<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-80986\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/IDA.png\" alt=\"IDA logo\" width=\"131\" height=\"129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/IDA.png 131w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/IDA-70x70.png 70w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 131px) 100vw, 131px\" \/>Suyu tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma, tuzlu sudan tuzun ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla tatl\u0131 su olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u015flemidir. <u>Uluslararas\u0131 Tuzdan Ar\u0131nd\u0131rma Birli\u011fi<\/u>&#8216;ne g\u00f6re k\u00fcresel olarak 300 milyondan fazla ki\u015fi tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u015flemine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>En pop\u00fcler y\u00f6ntemler termal tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma ve ters ozmostur. Termal tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmada, deniz suyundan veya ac\u0131 sudan tatl\u0131 suyu buharla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ters ozmosta, deniz suyu veya ac\u0131 su, bir membrandan y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7ta ge\u00e7irilerek ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda 17.000&#8217;den fazla tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisi bulunmaktad\u0131r ve bu tesisler her g\u00fcn 107 milyon metrek\u00fcp tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f su \u00fcretmektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bunlar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkenin i\u015flemesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayabilir. Orta Do\u011fu, toplam kapasitenin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan biraz daha az\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelirken Asya, \u00c7in, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ve G\u00fcney Amerika tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma kapasitelerini h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde art\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Yani, teknolojimiz ve neredeyse s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z su kayna\u011f\u0131m\u0131z var. Sorun nedir?<\/p>\n<p>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca engellerden ikisi maliyet ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ya da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fin eksikli\u011fidir. Tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n \u00e7ok fazla enerji t\u00fcketebilece\u011fi bir ger\u00e7ektir. K\u00f6rfez \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Konseyi \u00fclkelerinde (GCC), ana enerjinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %50&#8217;si kojenerasyon esasl\u0131 enerji ve tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisleri i\u00e7in t\u00fcketilmektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a> Ters ozmos, termal tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmadan daha verimlidir, ancak her \u015fey g\u00f6recelidir: ortalama bir ters ozmos tesisi, i\u015flenen bin galon ba\u015f\u0131na 13-kilowatt saate kadar enerji t\u00fcketir.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a> Bu enerjiyi kim \u00f6d\u00fcyor? Bir bak\u0131ma hepimiz \u00f6d\u00fcyoruz. Karbonla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesislerinin k\u00fcresel CO<sub>2<\/sub> emisyonlar\u0131 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda 218 milyon tona ula\u015fabilir.<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a> \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini h\u0131zland\u0131ran pahal\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, \u00f6zellikle su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan en \u00e7ok etkilenen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta gelirli \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in ideal olmaktan \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Neyse ki, d\u00fcnya bu sorunlar\u0131n fark\u0131na var\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>Abdul Latif Jameel\u2019in Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Fady Jameel, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin neden oldu\u011fu bir sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in daha fazla karbondioksit yaymak kesinlikle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir de\u011fil ve kendi kendini engelleyen bir y\u00f6ntem. Zorluklara ra\u011fmen, olumlu bakmak i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok neden oldu\u011funa kesinlikle inan\u0131yorum. Teknoloji ve Ar-Ge alan\u0131ndaki son geli\u015fmeler, yenilenebilir tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n k\u00fcresel su sistemlerini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilecek bir devrimin e\u015fi\u011finde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor,\u201d<\/em> diyor.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-81003\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers.jpg\" alt=\"Water Desalination in numbers\" width=\"1535\" height=\"709\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers.jpg 1535w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers-1024x473.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers-150x69.jpg 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Water-Desalination-in-numbers-768x355.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1535px) 100vw, 1535px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Yenilenebilir tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck potansiyel<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-81080\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Global-Clean-Water-logo-150x113.png\" alt=\"Global Clean Water logo\" width=\"150\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Global-Clean-Water-logo-150x113.png 150w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Global-Clean-Water-logo.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>K\u00fcresel Temiz Su Tuzdan Ar\u0131nd\u0131rma Birli\u011fi, 2020-2025 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yeni tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesislerinin %20&#8217;sinin yenilenebilir enerjiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hedefini koymu\u015ftur.<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a> Uluslararas\u0131 Tuzdan Ar\u0131nd\u0131rma Derne\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan kurulan birlik, enerji ve tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma end\u00fcstrilerini, su altyap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, finansman kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, akademiyi ve Ar-Ge&#8217;<em>yi &#8220;mevcut su tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesislerinden CO<sub>2<\/sub> emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltma ve koordine eylemlerle temiz tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma teknolojilerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma&#8221; hedefiyle bir araya getirmektedir<\/em>.<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda, tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmada kullan\u0131lan yenilenebilir enerjinin \u015fu andaki pay\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %1&#8217;dir.<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> \u00d6nc\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmetler bu kullan\u0131lmayan potansiyeli kucakl\u0131yor. Suudi Arabistan, 9,5 GW yenilenebilir enerji Vision 2030 hedefini, 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Bat\u0131 Avustralya&#8217;da t\u00fcm yeni tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisleri yenilenebilir enerji kullanmak zorundad\u0131r. Avrupa&#8217;dan Hindistan ve \u00c7in&#8217;e kadar, di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok \u00fclke de onlar\u0131 izliyor. Bu uluslar Paris \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Anla\u015fmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda emisyonlar\u0131 azaltmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olabilir. Kesinlikle su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n neden olaca\u011f\u0131 insani ve ekonomik krizlere g\u00f6re hareket ediyorlar.<\/p>\n<p>Ne t\u00fcr enerjileri kullanacaklar?<\/p>\n<h2>Tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u00e7in yenilenebilir se\u00e7enekler<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-81094\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ALJ-Fresh-Water-Desalination.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2067\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Teoride, tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u00e7in enerji, r\u00fczgar, dalga, jeotermal veya g\u00fcne\u015ften sa\u011flanabilir. Her birinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlendi\u011fi gibi avantajlar\u0131 ve dezavantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-81087\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ALJ-Fresh-Water-Advantages.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1428\" \/><br \/>\nR\u00fczg\u00e2r<\/h4>\n<p>R\u00fczg\u00e2r, ters ozmosla tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u00e7in elektrik \u00fcretebilen pop\u00fcler, oturmu\u015f bir yenilenebilir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli yenilenebilir enerjiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma projelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu r\u00fczgarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a> R\u00fczg\u00e2rla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma, enerji kayna\u011f\u0131na, su kayna\u011f\u0131na ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonuna olan yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6zellikle k\u0131y\u0131 ve ada topluluklar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 Yenilenebilir Enerji Ajans\u0131&#8217;na (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/\">IRENA<\/a>) g\u00f6re, \u00f6nemli r\u00fczg\u00e2r bazl\u0131 tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisleri aras\u0131nda her ikisi de \u0130spanya Kanarya Adalar\u0131\u2019nda bulunan Gran Canaria (R\u00fczg\u00e2r-RO, deniz suyu, 5\u201350 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/g\u00fcn), Fuerteventura (R\u00fczgar-dizel hibrit sistem, deniz suyu, 56 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/g\u00fcn), ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019ta Yenilenebilir Enerji Sistemleri Teknolojisi Merkezi (R\u00fczg\u00e2r-RO, deniz suyu, 12 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/g\u00fcn) bulunmaktad\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Avustralya&#8217;da, \u00fclkede t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi olan Perth Deniz Suyu Tuzdan Ar\u0131nd\u0131rma Tesisi, 80 megavatl\u0131k Emu Downs R\u00fczgar Enerjisi \u00c7iftli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen elektrikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. R\u00fczgar enerjisi \u00e7iftli\u011fi \u015febekeye y\u0131lda 270 gigawatt-saat katk\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r ve tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisinin y\u0131ll\u0131k 180 gigawatt-saat enerji gereksiniminden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a> Benzer \u015fekilde, Sidney Tuzdan Ar\u0131nd\u0131rma Tesisi de New South Wales\u2019deki r\u00fczgar enerjisi tedarikini %700&#8217;\u00fcn \u00fczerinde art\u0131ran bir r\u00fczgar \u00e7iftli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan enerjiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>Dalga<\/h4>\n<p>Denizlerde muazzam kinetik enerji bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bir sahile vuran ortalama 120 cm boyunda 10 saniyelik bir dalga, sahilin yakla\u015f\u0131k her 1,5 km\u2019si i\u00e7in 35.000\u2019i a\u015fk\u0131n beygir g\u00fcc\u00fc sa\u011flar.<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a> Dalga enerjisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 zordur,<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a> ancak Bat\u0131 Avustralya&#8217;da umut vaat eden bir pilot \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bulunmaktad\u0131r. Water Technology&#8217;ye g\u00f6re, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda Garden Island, &#8220;okyanus dalgalar\u0131ndan hem elektrik hem de tatl\u0131 su \u00fcretimini g\u00f6steren d\u00fcnyadaki ilk ticari \u00f6l\u00e7ekli dalga enerjisi projesi&#8221; oldu.<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a> Afrika&#8217;n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Cape Verde i\u00e7in de dalga enerjisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma sistemi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanmaktad\u0131r. Sistemin geli\u015ftiricisi Resolute Marine Energy, Wave20 ad\u0131 verilen tesisinin geleneksel sistemlere k\u0131yasla \u00fc\u00e7te bir oran\u0131nda maliyetle i\u00e7me suyu \u00fcretece\u011fini iddia ediyor. Sistem, suya bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygulamak ve k\u0131y\u0131daki bir ar\u0131tma tesisine pompalamak i\u00e7in dalga enerjisinden faydalan\u0131rken, bir dizi palet dalgalar taraf\u0131ndan ileri geri hareket ederek deniz suyunu filtrelemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan elektri\u011fi olu\u015fturur.<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-81108\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ALJ-Fresh-Water-Wave-Energy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1625\" \/><\/p>\n<h4>Jeotermal<\/h4>\n<p>Jeotermal enerji elektrik ve \u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretebilir, bu da onu hem termal tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma hem de ters ozmos i\u00e7in uygun hale getirmektedir. Yunanistan&#8217;\u0131n Milos Adas\u0131&#8217;ndaki bir proje, \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetlerle yerel toplum i\u00e7in 1.920 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/g\u00fcn tatl\u0131 su \u00fcreterek jeotermal enerjinin tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmada kullan\u0131labilirli\u011fini kan\u0131tlad\u0131.<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a> Ancak, s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde konuma g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi<\/h4>\n<p>G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u00e7in uzun vadeli, yenilenebilir bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak en y\u00fcksek potansiyele sahip oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan iki ana tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tipi vard\u0131r: Konsantre G\u00fcne\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc (CSP) ve Foto-Voltaik (PV). CSP do\u011frudan \u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretir ve termal tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmada suyu buharla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. PV, elektrik \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcne\u015f panelleri kullan\u0131r ve bu da pompalara ters ozmos i\u00e7in gerekli enerjiyi sa\u011flar. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131&#8217;na g\u00f6re, <em>&#8220;PV tabanl\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisiyle ters ozmos tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma, \u00f6nde gelen g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi se\u00e7ene\u011fidir ve daha fazla ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ana odak noktas\u0131d\u0131r.&#8221;<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi en \u00e7ok tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duyan, g\u00fcne\u015fli, kurak b\u00f6lgelerde bol miktarda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu b\u00f6lgelerde genellikle yeni tesisler in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in gereken alan\u0131 sa\u011flayan geni\u015f \u00e7\u00f6l veya k\u0131rl\u0131k alanlar bulunur. Applied Water Science\u2019a g\u00f6re, <em>\u201cTermal tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesislerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %75&#8217;i Arap \u00fclkelerinde kuruludur ve bunlar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 Suudi Arabistan&#8217;da aktiftir.\u201d<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\"><em><sup><strong>[25]<\/strong><\/sup><\/em><\/a> CSP taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen termal tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tipik olarak ters ozmos kadar etkili de\u011fildir, ancak bu b\u00f6lgelerde bulunan litre ba\u015f\u0131na 45 ve hatta 50 gram (g\/l) tuz gibi y\u00fcksek tuzlu suyun i\u015flenmesinde daha iyidir. Y\u00fcksek tuz konsantrasyonlar\u0131, ters ozmosta kullan\u0131lan membrana zarar verebilir.<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\"><sup>[26]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7o\u011fu g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma projesi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ila orta \u00f6l\u00e7eklidir ancak projelerin boyutu giderek artmaktad\u0131r. En b\u00fcy\u00fck PV tesisi Suudi Arabistan&#8217;dad\u0131r. Al Khafji 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda hizmete al\u0131nd\u0131 ve ters ozmoz yoluyla g\u00fcnde 60.000 metrek\u00fcp i\u00e7me suyu \u00fcretiyor.<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\"><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/a> Bu rakam giderek art\u0131yor. King Abdullah Economic City&#8217;de (KAEC) in\u015faat halinde olan Metito tesisi, g\u00fcnde 30.000 metrek\u00fcp i\u00e7me suyu \u00fcretme kapasitesiyle faaliyete ge\u00e7ecektir ve \u00fcretim kapasitesi g\u00fcnde 60.000 metrek\u00fcpe \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilecektir.<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\"><sup>[28]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-81115\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Almar-Water-Solutions-logo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"148\" height=\"136\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/tr\/\">Abdul Latif Jameel<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/almarwater.com\/\">Almar Water Solutions<\/a> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmadaki zorluklar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmede giderek daha \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/tr\/energy-and-environmental-services\/energy-overview\/\">Abdul Latif Jameel Energy<\/a>\u2018nin bir kolu olan Almar Water Solutions, su altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in tasar\u0131m, finansman ve i\u015fletme de dahil olmak \u00fczere teknik yeteneklerin uzman bir sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Uzman bir yenilenebilir enerji i\u015fletmesi olan <a href=\"http:\/\/frv.com\/\">Fotowatio Renewable Ventures<\/a>&#8216;un (FRV) karde\u015f \u015firketlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n<p>Ocak 2019\u2019da, Almar Water Solutions, Suudi Arabistan\u2019da d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ters ozmosla tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesislerinden biri olan ve K\u0131z\u0131l Deniz yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Al Shuqaiq \u015fehrinde yer alan <u>Al <\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/en\/news\/almar-water-solutions-invest-us-600m-supply-1-8m-people-saudi-arabia-desalinated-water\/\">Shuqaiq 3 IWP<\/a><u>\u2018yi <\/u>geli\u015ftirme ihalesini kazand\u0131. 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, her g\u00fcn 450.000 m<sup>3<\/sup> temiz su temin edecektir.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/KITq7UXrWQE\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>600 milyon Amerikan dolarl\u0131k bu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/en\/news\/shuqaiq-3-receives-contract-of-the-year-award\/\">\u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc<\/a> yat\u0131r\u0131m, 2.300 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanla tesiste kaydedilen 3 milyondan fazla g\u00fcvenli adam-saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma miktar\u0131 ile ilk faaliyete ge\u00e7mesinden bu yana ge\u00e7en birinci y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kutluyor.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FQYC8slwdSg\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Almar Water Solutions, Kenya&#8217;n\u0131n \u00fclkenin ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehri olan Mombasa&#8217;daki <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/tr\/news\/solving-water-crisis-1m-people-almar-water-solutions-build-kenyas-first-large-scale-desalination-plant\/\">\u00fclkenin ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisinin<\/a> \u00fcretilmesi i\u00e7in de s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Saha, faaliyete ge\u00e7tikten sonra bir milyondan fazla ki\u015fiye 100.000 m<sup>3<\/sup> i\u00e7me suyu sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h2>Bazen eski yollar en iyisidir<\/h2>\n<p>G\u00fcne\u015f imbikleri, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan en eski tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma teknolojisidir. Tatl\u0131 suyu buharla\u015ft\u0131rmak, bir muhafazan\u0131n tavan\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve altta toplamak i\u00e7in g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi kullan\u0131rlar. G\u00fcne\u015f imbikleri, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimlidir; bu da onlar\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli, elektrik \u015febekesinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde ya\u015fayan topluluklar i\u00e7in daha uygun hale getirmektedir. Son yenilikler sayesinde, tuz ve di\u011fer yabanc\u0131 maddeleri filtrelemek i\u00e7in membranlar<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\"><sup>[29]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0ve metal-organik \u00e7er\u00e7eveler kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\"><sup>[30]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0MIT ve \u00c7in&#8217;deki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, &#8220;g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi toplama alan\u0131n her bir metrekaresi i\u00e7in saatte 5,5 litreden fazla tatl\u0131 i\u00e7me suyu sa\u011flayabilen&#8221; &#8220;tamamen pasif g\u00fcne\u015f enerjili tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma sistemi&#8221; geli\u015ftirdi.<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\"><sup>[31]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/en\/perspective\/j-wafs-action-revisited-superheated-steam-not-know\/\">B\u00f6lgedeki baz\u0131 projeler<\/a>, MIT&#8217;deki, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda MIT ve\u00a0<a href=\"about:blank\">Community Jameel<\/a>\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan ortak bi\u00e7imde kurulan Abdul Latif Jameel Water and Food Systems Lab (<a href=\"https:\/\/jwafs.mit.edu\">J-WAFS<\/a>) taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler kal\u0131c\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelebilir mi?<\/h2>\n<p>Yenilenebilir enerjiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisleri, t\u00fcm tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisleri i\u00e7in ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken konum, lojistik ve teknoloji gibi kritik fakt\u00f6rlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra daha da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zorlukla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r: ekonominin ac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekleri. Yenilenebilir enerjiler fosil yak\u0131tlara uygun maliyetli bir alternatif olabilir mi?<\/p>\n<p>Her \u015fey su, enerji ve para tedarikine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Ucuz, maliyetli su<\/h2>\n<p>T\u00fcm tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma projeleri, suyu uygun maliyetli bi\u00e7imde sa\u011flamal\u0131 ve tuzlu suyu g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde bertaraf etmelidir. Suyun, yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle de\u011ferine g\u00f6re nakledilmesi pahal\u0131d\u0131r ve daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli su \u00f6n ar\u0131tma gerektirir ve bu da maliyeti art\u0131r\u0131r. Fosil yak\u0131tl\u0131 tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisleri genellikle \u015fehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki elektrik santrallerinin yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunur; yeni yenilenebilir projeler son kullan\u0131c\u0131lara daha yak\u0131n olabilir ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m maliyetini ve at\u0131k d\u00f6k\u00fclme riskini azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dcretilen at\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltmak da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma mevcut h\u0131zda artarsa, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar y\u0131lda 240 bin metrek\u00fcp y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde tuzlu su ve di\u011fer at\u0131klar olu\u015fturulacakt\u0131r. Bu at\u0131k deniz ortam\u0131 i\u00e7in zararl\u0131 olabilir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dereceli end\u00fcstriyel \u0131s\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan &#8217;emici d\u00f6ng\u00fc teknolojisi&#8217; (g\u00f6zenekli veya &#8217;emici&#8217; kat\u0131 maddeler kullanan kimyasal bazl\u0131 bir \u0131s\u0131 pompas\u0131) entegrasyonunun %99 enerji ve denize at\u0131lan kimyasallarda %150&#8217;den fazla tasarrufu sa\u011flayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Termal prosesler i\u00e7in hibrit yakla\u015f\u0131m, enerji verimlili\u011fini %39&#8217;a y\u00fckseltecek ve at\u0131k kimyasallarda %80&#8217;den fazla azalma sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\"><sup>[32]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z, g\u00fcvenilmez enerji<\/h2>\n<p>Yenilenebilir enerjiyle tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel, enerji kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli yap\u0131da olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sorunu azaltmak veya \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli geli\u015ftirilmekte olan birka\u00e7 strateji bulunmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n<h4>\u015eebekeye ba\u011flanma<\/h4>\n<p>Ters ozmosda, elektrik depolamak i\u00e7in piller kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Pil teknolojisi s\u00fcrekli olarak iyile\u015fiyor olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyor. Bu da bir\u00e7ok tesiste, enerji almak i\u00e7in \u015febekeye ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyor. Yenilenebilir tesisler, kulland\u0131klar\u0131ndan daha fazla enerji \u00fcretti\u011finde, bunu \u015febekeye satabilirler. Yeterli bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte, bu tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma maliyetlerini bile kar\u015f\u0131layabilir. (Tesisler ayr\u0131ca fazla g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini tatl\u0131 suda depolayabilir; elektrik talebi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funda tesisler daha fazla tatl\u0131 su \u00fcretebilir.)<\/p>\n<p>Elektrik \u015febekesine ba\u011flanmak, yenilenebilir tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmaya yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmak isteyen \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in rahatl\u0131k sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Suudi Arabistan ve Bahreyn, i\u00e7me suyu i\u00e7in tamamen tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u015flemine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r ve tedarik i\u00e7in herhangi bir risk alma \u015fans\u0131na sahip de\u011fildir. Ancak, yenilenebilir enerjiyle tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma, harici bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131rken ger\u00e7ekten yenilenebilir olmayacakt\u0131r. Neyse ki, \u015febeke elektri\u011fine olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltabilecek iki farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m vard\u0131r. Belki de bu ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rabilecektir.<\/p>\n<h4>Termal depolama<\/h4>\n<p>Uzmanlar, d\u00fcz enerji profili nedeniyle CSP&#8217;yi en uygulanabilir g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi teknolojisi olarak kabul ediyor. CSP tesisleri, \u00f6rne\u011fin bulutlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok etkilenen PV tesislerinden daha tutarl\u0131 enerji sa\u011flayabilir. Basit\u00e7e s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, CSP tesisleri yeterli \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 depolayabiliyorsa, g\u00fcne\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, hatta geceleri bile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam edebilirler. \u015eu anda, \u00e7o\u011fu termal depolama sistemi %8 ile %16 aras\u0131nda verimlidir. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131&#8217;na g\u00f6re <em>\u201cOn ila yirmi y\u0131l i\u00e7inde teknik iyile\u015ftirmelerin verimlili\u011fi %15 ila %25 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 bekleniyor<\/em>\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref33\"><sup>[33]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Termal distilasyon tesisleri i\u00e7in polimerik malzemelere dayal\u0131 yeni \u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim y\u00fczeylerinin geli\u015ftirilmesinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr geli\u015fmeler, yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyetinin tatl\u0131 suyun nihai maliyeti \u00fczerindeki etkisini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltabilir.<a href=\"#_ftn34\" name=\"_ftnref34\"><sup>[34]<\/sup><\/a> Magnezyum oksit (MgO), kapal\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 depolamak \u00fczere verimli bir enerji depolama sistemi olarak \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00fcretilen \u0131s\u0131, geceleri ekzotermik emilim yoluyla sal\u0131narak, 24 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ve daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon emisyonlar\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7 vermeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<a href=\"#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref35\"><sup>[35]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-81101\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ALJ-Fresh-Water-Renewable-Energy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1646\" \/><\/p>\n<h4>Hibrit tesisler<\/h4>\n<p>Tek enerji kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011fini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma teknikleri birlikte kullan\u0131labilir. CSP kojenerasyonu, \u015febekeye elektrik sa\u011flayan buhar t\u00fcrbininden gelen at\u0131k \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 yeniden y\u00f6nlendirir ve bir t\u00fcr termal tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7oklu etkili distilasyon (MED) i\u00e7in kullan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Sundrop Farms, Avustralya&#8217;n\u0131n bol miktarda g\u00fcne\u015fini CSP ve MED i\u00e7in kullanarak domatesleri yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in tatl\u0131 su ve \u0131s\u0131tma enerjisi \u00fcretiyor. Bu da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli hibrit yenilenebilir projelerin fizibilitesini g\u00f6steriyor.<a href=\"#_ftn36\" name=\"_ftnref36\"><sup>[36]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemlerinin bir arada kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, her bir y\u00f6ntemin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc dezavantajlar\u0131n\u0131 hafifletmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, PV\u2019den g\u00fc\u00e7 alan ters osmoz tesisleri, teoride CSP tesislerinden daha verimlidir. Ancak bu durum sadece daha iyi kalitede suya sahip olmalar\u0131 durumunda ge\u00e7erlidir. CSP tesisleri \u00e7ok ac\u0131 ve tuzlu sular\u0131n ar\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda daha etkilidir. Bununla birlikte, termal tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131, tesisin bulundu\u011fu yerde bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. CSP, g\u00fcne\u015fin daha az g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu ve tuzlu havan\u0131n korozyona neden olabilece\u011fi sahilde de iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm, bir karasal CSP tesisini, k\u0131y\u0131sal PV sistemlerden g\u00fc\u00e7 alan ters osmoz tesisiyle e\u015fle\u015ftirmektir; CSP&#8217;den gelen termal enerji sahada kal\u0131rken PV taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen elektri\u011fi aktarmak kolayd\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\"><sup>[37]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u015eili&#8217;de <a href=\"https:\/\/frv.com\/en\/frv-awarded-540-gwh-in-chile\/\">FRV<\/a>, hava durumu, r\u00fczgar h\u0131zlar\u0131 veya g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak 7\/24 yenilenebilir g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in r\u00fczgar, g\u00fcne\u015f ve pil g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc bir arada kullan\u0131yor.<a href=\"#_ftn38\" name=\"_ftnref38\"><sup>[38]<\/sup><\/a> Bunun gibi hibrit bir yenilenebilir kaynak, tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z \u2018ye\u015fil\u2019 g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flayabilir. Teksas&#8217;\u0131n ac\u0131 yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131, hibrit r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi tesisleriyle tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u00e7in bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli adayd\u0131r. Kurakl\u0131klardan s\u0131k s\u0131k etkilenen eyalet bol g\u00fcne\u015fe sahiptir ve ABD&#8217;deki en fazla r\u00fczgar enerjisini \u00fcretmektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn39\" name=\"_ftnref39\"><sup>[39]<\/sup><\/a> Ayr\u0131ca bu t\u00fcr projeler i\u00e7in ABD&#8217;deki en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli b\u00f6lgedir.<\/p>\n<h2>Serbest ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 inovasyon<\/h2>\n<p>Tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmadaki enerjiyle ilgili zorluklar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmenin bir ba\u015fka yolu da s\u00fcrecin kendisini daha verimli hale getirmektir.<\/p>\n<p>1970&#8217;lerden bu yana devam eden yenilikler, ters ozmosun enerji t\u00fcketimini 10 kat azaltt\u0131 ve maliyetlerin \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki yirmi y\u0131lda \u00fc\u00e7te ikiye kadar d\u00fc\u015fmesi bekleniyor.<a href=\"#_ftn40\" name=\"_ftnref40\"><sup>[40]<\/sup><\/a> Bunu ba\u015farman\u0131n birden fazla yolu vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Abu Dabi&#8217;deki Mascara Renewable Water Plant, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 tuzlu sudan enerji geri kazanmak i\u00e7in izobarik bir enerji cihaz\u0131 kullan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, verimlili\u011fi art\u0131rmak ve maliyetleri azaltmak i\u00e7in ters ozmos membran\u0131n\u0131 tuzlardan ve biyolojik olarak aktif malzemeden nas\u0131l koruyaca\u011f\u0131na odaklan\u0131yor.<a href=\"#_ftn41\" name=\"_ftnref41\"><sup>[41]<\/sup><\/a> MIT&#8217;teki<a href=\"https:\/\/jwafs.mit.edu\/\">Abdul Latif Jameel Water and Food Security Lab\u2019da (J-WAFS)<\/a> bir Profes\u00f6r olan Xuanhe Zhao, membran\u0131n verimlili\u011fini ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc iyile\u015ftirme ve ters ozmos maliyetlerini azaltma potansiyeline sahip titre\u015fim tabanl\u0131 bir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/j-wafs-action-good-vibrations-reducing-cost-water-desalination\/\">membran temizleme teknolojisi<\/a> hakk\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<a href=\"#_ftn42\" name=\"_ftnref42\"><sup>[42]<\/sup><\/a> Mascara tesisi, biyolojik kirlenmeyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in g\u00fcn bat\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nce membranlar\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak y\u0131k\u0131yor ve g\u00fcn boyunca su \u00fcretimini enerji kayna\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re ayarl\u0131yor.<a href=\"#_ftn43\" name=\"_ftnref43\"><sup>[43]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>J-WAFS ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7in&#8217;deki pasif bir g\u00fcne\u015f enerjili tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma sistemi, bir metrekarelik g\u00fcne\u015f paneli alan\u0131ndan saatte 5,5 litreden fazla taze i\u00e7me suyu \u00fcretebiliyor. Y\u00fcksek verimli sistem, her a\u015famada serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 bir sonraki a\u015famaya g\u00fc\u00e7 vermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131yor. MIT\u2019ye g\u00f6re <em>\u201cBu t\u00fcr sistemler, verimli ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli bir su kayna\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u015febeke elektri\u011finden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak kurak k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine hizmet verebilir.\u201d<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn44\" name=\"_ftnref44\"><sup>[44]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0130leri ozmos, geleneksel PV destekli ters ozmosu zorlayabilecek, \u00fcmit vaat eden ba\u015fka bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131d\u0131r. Ters ozmosda oldu\u011fu gibi, ileri ozmos da yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen bir membran kullan\u0131r, ancak hidrolik bas\u0131n\u00e7 yerine \u00e7ok daha az enerji gerektiren bir \u2018\u00e7ekme\u2019 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc kullan\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn45\" name=\"_ftnref45\"><sup>[45]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u00c7ok para harcamak m\u0131 yoksa parlak bir gelecek mi?<\/h2>\n<p>R\u00fczgar enerjisi fosil yak\u0131tlara k\u0131yasla en ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr; 2019 tarihli D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 raporuna g\u00f6re g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi bu ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tipik olarak iki kat daha pahal\u0131d\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn46\" name=\"_ftnref46\"><sup>[46]<\/sup><\/a> Bununla birlikte, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjili termal tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma maliyetinin 2025 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar %40 veya daha fazla ve 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar metrek\u00fcp ba\u015f\u0131na yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015ferek 0,90 ABD dolar\u0131na kadar d\u00fc\u015fmesi beklenmektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn47\" name=\"_ftnref47\"><sup>[47]<\/sup><\/a> G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi, \u015febeke elektri\u011finin ula\u015f\u0131lmayacak kadar pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fu baz\u0131 uzak b\u00f6lgelerde zaten en ucuz se\u00e7enektir. Suudi Arabistan&#8217;daki Sakaka projesi i\u00e7in 1,75 sent\/kilowatt-saat\u2019lik (kWh) rekor niteli\u011finde tarifesi, yenilenebilir enerjinin fosil yak\u0131tlarla finansal olarak rekabet etmekten daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yapabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn48\" name=\"_ftnref48\"><sup>[48]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cBenim i\u00e7in durum \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k: tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n gelece\u011fi yenilenebilir enerji ile olacak. Orta Do\u011fu b\u00f6lgesinde bu \u00e7ok yak\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek. Be\u015f y\u0131ldan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, pil teknolojisi daha da geli\u015fecek. Bunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinden sonra g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ve fotovoltaik enerji ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisimiz olabilir. Bu konuda hi\u00e7bir \u015f\u00fcphem yok,\u201d<\/em> diyor Carlosu Cosin (Abdul Latif Jameel Energy\u2019nin bir kolu olan <a href=\"https:\/\/almarwater.com\">Almar Water Solutions<\/a> CEO\u2019su).<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h2>PV, M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da dizele kar\u015f\u0131 rekabete \u00fcst\u00fcn hale gelebilir<\/h2>\n<p>International Journal of Economics &amp; Management Sciences\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ile tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma potansiyelini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, konsept niteli\u011findeki PV enerjisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir ters ozmos tesisinin geleneksel dizel enerji santralinde g\u00fc\u00e7 alan tesisler i\u00e7in ABD dolar\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na 1,118-1,555\/ m<sup>3<\/sup>\u2019e k\u0131yasla (yak\u0131t fiyat\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fine g\u00f6re) ABD dolar\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na 1,213 m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0su \u00fcretebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<a href=\"#_ftn49\" name=\"_ftnref49\"><sup>[49]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6rnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, Abdul Latif Jameel Energy&#8217;nin yak\u0131n zamanda\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/en\/news\/abdul-latif-jameel-energy-expands-water-sector-portfolio-with-acquisition-of-58-desalination-plants-in-egypt\/\">58 tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisinin<\/a>\u00a0sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu\u011fu M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;a odaklan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkenin \u201c2500 kwh\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u2019lik y\u00fcksek ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131ml\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi izolasyonu\u201d, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjili tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u00e7in iyi bir konuma sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. \u00dclke buna \u015fiddetle ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor. Nil art\u0131k \u00fclkenin artan su t\u00fcketimini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fil.<a href=\"#_ftn50\" name=\"_ftnref50\"><sup>[50]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter  wp-image-81122\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/PV-Egypt-data-graph.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"844\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/PV-Egypt-data-graph.png 640w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/PV-Egypt-data-graph-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/media.alj.com\/app\/uploads\/2020\/11\/PV-Egypt-data-graph-150x41.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 844px) 100vw, 844px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Yenilenebilir enerjiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sistemlerdeki bir\u00e7ok geli\u015fme, paras\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamayan topluluklara yard\u0131m eden kurulu\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmektedir. K\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen GivePower, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yoksul topluluklara pille \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan g\u00fcne\u015f enerjili tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma sistemleri tedarik etmektedir.<a href=\"#_ftn51\" name=\"_ftnref51\"><sup>[51]<\/sup><\/a> Kenya&#8217;daki bu t\u00fcr bir tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma tesisi, 25.000 ki\u015fi i\u00e7in yeterli olacak \u015fekilde iki y\u0131ld\u0131r her g\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k 75.000 litreye kadar i\u00e7me suyu sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn52\" name=\"_ftnref52\"><sup>[52]<\/sup><\/a> Yard\u0131m her zaman memnuniyetle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r, ancak yard\u0131mlar tek ba\u015f\u0131na yenilenebilir tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n ekonomik zorlu\u011funu \u00e7\u00f6zmeyecektir. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler harekete ge\u00e7melidir.<\/p>\n<h2>Yenilenebilir tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma yeni d\u00fczenlemeler gerektiriyor<\/h2>\n<p>Zorunluluklar ve s\u00fcbvansiyonlar 2000&#8217;lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda yenilenebilir enerji devrimini ba\u015flatmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu, tedarik zincirlerini geli\u015ftirdi ve maliyetleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ayn\u0131s\u0131 yenilenebilir enerjiyle tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u00e7in de gerekiyor.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler&#8217;e g\u00f6re, <em>&#8220;tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma planlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fini desteklemek&#8221;<\/em> i\u00e7in daha <em>&#8220;yenilik\u00e7i finansal mekanizmalar&#8221;<\/em> gerekli olacak. <a href=\"http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf\">D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> dedi\u011fi gibi: <em>\u201cdestek, fosil yak\u0131t s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak, uzun vadeli g\u00fc\u00e7 sat\u0131n alma anla\u015fmalar\u0131 ve tarifeler i\u00e7in bir ortam yaratmak ve yenilenebilir enerji ile ilgili ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme i\u00e7in destek sa\u011flamak gibi engelleri ortadan kald\u0131rmak gibi enerji politikas\u0131 reformlar\u0131n\u0131n bir kombinasyonu olabilir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Sekt\u00f6rden gelen \u00f6neriler aras\u0131nda \u00fcretilen her metrek\u00fcp i\u00e7in prim \u00f6denmesi ya da kamunun ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu her bir metrek\u00fcp &#8220;temiz&#8221; suyu sat\u0131n alacaklar\u0131 konusunda devlet garantileri verilmesi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<a href=\"#_ftn53\" name=\"_ftnref53\"><sup>[53]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Komple bir ilerleme m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/h2>\n<p>Su talebiyle birlikte iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkileri de art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Yenilenebilir enerji ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma sistemleri, sadece bir f\u0131rsat de\u011fil bir <em>gerekliliktir<\/em>. Neyse ki, engeller kayda de\u011ferdir ama a\u015f\u0131lmaz de\u011fildir. D\u00fcnya, inovasyon, yat\u0131r\u0131m ve uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi ile s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tatl\u0131 su ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/zhc\/detail-events\/en\/c\/880881\/\">http:\/\/www.fao.org\/zhc\/detail-events\/en\/c\/880881\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/sustainability\/our-insights\/water-a-human-and-business-priority\">https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/sustainability\/our-insights\/water-a-human-and-business-priority<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/18-06-2019-1-in-3-people-globally-do-not-have-access-to-safe-drinking-water-unicef-who\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/18-06-2019-1-in-3-people-globally-do-not-have-access-to-safe-drinking-water-unicef-who<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.environmentalleader.com\/2016\/05\/will-clean-energy-desalination-be-a-game-changing-water-fix\/\">https:\/\/www.environmentalleader.com\/2016\/05\/will-clean-energy-desalination-be-a-game-changing-water-fix\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/news\/2019\/07\/release-updated-global-water-risk-atlas-reveals-top-water-stressed-countries-and-states\">https:\/\/www.wri.org\/news\/2019\/07\/release-updated-global-water-risk-atlas-reveals-top-water-stressed-countries-and-states<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/sustainability\/our-insights\/climate-risk-and-response-physical-hazards-and-socioeconomic-impacts\">https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/sustainability\/our-insights\/climate-risk-and-response-physical-hazards-and-socioeconomic-impacts<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/water\/publication\/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy\">https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/water\/publication\/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/water-and-wastewater-treatment\/desalination-with-renewable-energy-a-24-hours-operation-solution\">https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/water-and-wastewater-treatment\/desalination-with-renewable-energy-a-24-hours-operation-solution<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/2019\/01\/desalination-plants-produce-twice-as-much-waste-brine-as-thought\/\">https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/2019\/01\/desalination-plants-produce-twice-as-much-waste-brine-as-thought\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.internationalwatersummit.com\/__media\/Energy-Efficient-Desalination-2018.pdf\">Enerji Verimli Tuzdan Ar\u0131nd\u0131rma<\/a><u>, Uluslararas\u0131 Su Zirvesi, 15-18 Ocak 2018<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/climateinitiativesplatform.org\/index.php\/Global_Clean_Water_Desalination_Alliance_(GCWDA)\">http:\/\/climateinitiativesplatform.org\/index.php\/Global_Clean_Water_Desalination_Alliance_(GCWDA)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/iea-etsap.org\/E-TechDS\/PDF\/I12IR_Desalin_MI_Jan2013_final_GSOK.pdf\">Yenilenebilir Enerji Kullanarak Suyu Tuzdan Ar\u0131nd\u0131rma, IRENA<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf\">http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/-\/media\/Files\/IRENA\/Agency\/Publication\/2012\/IRENA-ETSAP-Tech-Brief-I12-Water-Desalination.pdf\">https:\/\/www.irena.org\/-\/media\/Files\/IRENA\/Agency\/Publication\/2012\/IRENA-ETSAP-Tech-Brief-I12-Water-Desalination.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.awa.asn.au\/AWA_MBRR\/Publications\/Fact_Sheets\/Desalination_Fact_Sheet.aspx\">http:\/\/www.awa.asn.au\/AWA_MBRR\/Publications\/Fact_Sheets\/Desalination_Fact_Sheet.aspx<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oceanenergycouncil.com\/ocean-energy\/wave-energy\/#:~:text=Kinetic%20energy%2C%20the%20energy%20of,horsepower%20per%20mile%20of%20coast\">https:\/\/www.oceanenergycouncil.com\/ocean-energy\/wave-energy\/#:~:text=Kinetic%20energy%2C%20the%20energy%20of,horsepower%20per%20mile%20of%20coast<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/e360.yale.edu\/features\/why_wave_power_has_lagged_far_behind_as_energy_source\">https:\/\/e360.yale.edu\/features\/why_wave_power_has_lagged_far_behind_as_energy_source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.water-technology.net\/projects\/ceto-wave-powered-desalination-pilot-plant-garden-island\/\">https:\/\/www.water-technology.net\/projects\/ceto-wave-powered-desalination-pilot-plant-garden-island\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aquatechtrade.com\/news\/desalination\/desalination-wave-powered\/\">https:\/\/www.aquatechtrade.com\/news\/desalination\/desalination-wave-powered\/#<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf\">http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13201-020-1168-5\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13201-020-1168-5<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\"><sup>[26]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solarpaces.org\/blueprint-solar-desalination\/\">https:\/\/www.solarpaces.org\/blueprint-solar-desalination\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.water-technology.net\/projects\/al-khafji-solar-saline-water-reverse-osmosis-solar-swro-desalination-plant\/\">https:\/\/www.water-technology.net\/projects\/al-khafji-solar-saline-water-reverse-osmosis-solar-swro-desalination-plant\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\"><sup>[28]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.metito.com\/news-detail\/metito-signs-a-project-worth-220-million-saudi-riyals-to-establish-desalination-plant-and-solar-electricity-generation-in-king-abdullah-economic-city\/\">https:\/\/www.metito.com\/news-detail\/metito-signs-a-project-worth-220-million-saudi-riyals-to-establish-desalination-plant-and-solar-electricity-generation-in-king-abdullah-economic-city\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><sup>[29]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.water-technology.net\/news\/technology-seawater-drinking-water-30-minutes\/\">https:\/\/www.water-technology.net\/news\/technology-seawater-drinking-water-30-minutes\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\"><sup>[30]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.renewableenergymagazine.com\/emily-folk\/solar-technology-could-increase-global-access-to-20200821\">https:\/\/www.renewableenergymagazine.com\/emily-folk\/solar-technology-could-increase-global-access-to-20200821<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\"><sup>[31]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/techxplore.com\/news\/2020-02-simple-solar-powered-desalination.html\">https:\/\/techxplore.com\/news\/2020-02-simple-solar-powered-desalination.html<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\"><sup>[32]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/desalination-and-water-treatment\/renewable-energy-driven-desalination-hybrids-for-sustainability\">https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/desalination-and-water-treatment\/renewable-energy-driven-desalination-hybrids-for-sustainability<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\"><sup>[33]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf\">http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\"><sup>[34]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solarpaces.org\/blueprint-solar-desalination\/\">https:\/\/www.solarpaces.org\/blueprint-solar-desalination\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\"><sup>[35]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/water-and-wastewater-treatment\/desalination-with-renewable-energy-a-24-hours-operation-solution\">https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/water-and-wastewater-treatment\/desalination-with-renewable-energy-a-24-hours-operation-solution<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\"><sup>[36]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alfalaval.com\/globalassets\/documents\/media\/here-magazine\/34\/here_34_how_to_grow_tomatoes_in_the_desert_mep_desalination.pdf\">https:\/\/www.alfalaval.com\/globalassets\/documents\/media\/here-magazine\/34\/here_34_how_to_grow_tomatoes_in_the_desert_mep_desalination.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\"><sup>[37]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solarpaces.org\/blueprint-solar-desalination\/\">https:\/\/www.solarpaces.org\/blueprint-solar-desalination\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\"><sup>[38]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/frv.com\/en\/frv-awarded-540-gwh-in-chile\/\">https:\/\/frv.com\/en\/frv-awarded-540-gwh-in-chile\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\"><sup>[39]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earthmagazine.org\/article\/can-renewable-energy-and-desalination-tackle-two-problems-once\">https:\/\/www.earthmagazine.org\/article\/can-renewable-energy-and-desalination-tackle-two-problems-once<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\"><sup>[40]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf\">https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/World-Bank-Report-2019.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\"><sup>[41]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/idadesal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/IDA_White_Paper_HAB_rev.1.pdf\">Hareketli Bir Hedefi Ele Alma: Zararl\u0131 Alg Geli\u015fimleri<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\"><sup>[42]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/j-wafs-action-good-vibrations-reducing-cost-water-desalination\/\">https:\/\/www.alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/j-wafs-action-good-vibrations-reducing-cost-water-desalination\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\"><sup>[43]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waterworld.com\/international\/desalination\/article\/16201273\/desalination-renewables-a-long-engagement-without-the-wedding\">https:\/\/www.waterworld.com\/international\/desalination\/article\/16201273\/desalination-renewables-a-long-engagement-without-the-wedding<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\"><sup>[44]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2020\/passive-solar-powered-water-desalination-0207\">http:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2020\/passive-solar-powered-water-desalination-0207<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\"><sup>[45]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.environmentalleader.com\/2016\/05\/will-clean-energy-desalination-be-a-game-changing-water-fix\/\">https:\/\/<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.environmentalleader.com\/2016\/05\/will-clean-energy-desalination-be-a-game-changing-water-fix\/\">www.environmentalleader.com\/2016\/05\/will-clean-energy-desalination-be-a-game-changing-water-fix\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\"><sup>[46]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf\">http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\"><sup>[47]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf\">http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/476041552622967264\/pdf\/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\"><sup>[48]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waterworld.com\/international\/desalination\/article\/16201273\/desalination-renewables-a-long-engagement-without-the-wedding\">https:\/\/www.waterworld.com\/international\/desalination\/article\/16201273\/desalination-renewables-a-long-engagement-without-the-wedding<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\"><sup>[49]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0011916402010913\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0011916402010913<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\"><sup>[50]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/02\/09\/world\/africa\/nile-river-dam.html\"><sup>https<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/02\/09\/world\/africa\/nile-river-dam.html\"><sup>:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/02\/09\/world\/africa\/nile-river-dam.html<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\"><sup>[51]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/givepower.org\/projects-2\/\">https:\/\/givepower.org\/projects-2\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\"><sup>[52]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/technology-innovation\/solar-power-desalination\">https:\/\/bigthink.com\/technology-innovation\/solar-power-desalination<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\"><sup>[53]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solarpaces.org\/blueprint-solar-desalination\/\">https:\/\/www.solarpaces.org\/blueprint-solar-desalination\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":81073,"template":"","tags":[367,402,395,396,403],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Yenilenebilir enerji - Suyu tuzdan ar\u0131tman\u0131n gelece\u011fi olabilir mi? | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yenilenebilir enerji ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma bir f\u0131rsattan daha fazlas\u0131d\u0131r; s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tatl\u0131 su yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n susuzlu\u011funu gidermek bir zorunluluktur.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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