{"id":82397,"date":"2020-12-16T06:06:45","date_gmt":"2020-12-16T06:06:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/?post_type=perspective&p=82397"},"modified":"2020-12-29T12:32:59","modified_gmt":"2020-12-29T12:32:59","slug":"sadece-sicak-hava-degil-karbonsuzlastirma-endustrisi-surdurulebilir-bir-gelecek-icin-neden-cok-onemlidir","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/sadece-sicak-hava-degil-karbonsuzlastirma-endustrisi-surdurulebilir-bir-gelecek-icin-neden-cok-onemlidir\/","title":{"rendered":"Sadece s\u0131cak hava de\u011fil: Karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma end\u00fcstrisi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir gelecek i\u00e7in neden \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir"},"content":{"rendered":"

Son be\u015f y\u0131l, kaydedilen en s\u0131cak y\u0131llard\u0131. \u015eu anki h\u0131zla, y\u00fczy\u0131l sonuna kadar d\u00fcnya yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 derece daha s\u0131cak olacak[1]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

O zamana kadar \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 olacak.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fey; ekolojilerin, ekonomilerin ve halklar\u0131n kaderini belirleyecek. \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 30 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 1,5 Santigrat dereceye kadar s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rabilirsek, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin en k\u00f6t\u00fc etkilerini \u00f6nleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli’ne (IPCC<\/a><\/u>) g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya, BM taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Paris anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n belirledi\u011fi hedeflere ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 2017’nin en az %49’una kadar azaltmal\u0131, seviyeleri 2050’ye kadar karbonsuz hale getirmelidir.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

2019 itibar\u0131yla, 75’ten fazla \u00fclke 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar net s\u0131f\u0131r karbon emisyonu taahh\u00fcd\u00fcnde bulunmu\u015ftur[3]<\/sup><\/a>. Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Fransa, \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Norve\u00e7 mevzuatta \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmektedir. Di\u011ferleri de, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar %100 temiz bir ekonomi elde etmek i\u00e7in sekt\u00f6re \u00f6zg\u00fc ve ekonomi \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler belirleyen Amerika’n\u0131n TEM\u0130Z Gelecek Yasas\u0131 gibi olumlu i\u015faretler g\u00f6steriyor[4]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Fady
Fady Jameel
\nBa\u015fkan Vekili ve Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131
\nAbdul Latif Jameel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Abdul Latif Jameel<\/a> Ba\u015fkan Vekili ve Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Fady Jameel<\/a><\/u> taraf\u0131ndan net s\u0131f\u0131ra ula\u015fmaya<\/a> ili\u015fkin son Spotlight makalesinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, enerji, in\u015faat ve ula\u015f\u0131m sekt\u00f6rlerinin hepsi emisyonlar\u0131 azaltmada iyi bir ilerleme g\u00f6stermektedir. Ancak sanayi geri kal\u0131yor. Sanayi, %90’\u0131 CO2<\/sub> olan sera gazlar\u0131n\u0131n (GHG) yakla\u015f\u0131k %28’ini yayar. Bu emisyonlar, in\u015faat, enerji ve ula\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in %23 art\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, 1990 ile 2014 aras\u0131nda %69 artt\u0131.[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Amonyak, \u00e7imento, etilen ve \u00e7elik \u00fcretimi, end\u00fcstriyel emisyonlar\u0131n neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Di\u011fer y\u00fcksek emisyonlu sekt\u00f6rler aras\u0131nda g\u0131da ve t\u00fct\u00fcn; ka\u011f\u0131t, hamur ve bask\u0131 ve demir d\u0131\u015f\u0131 metaller bulunur. \u2013\u0130n\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u201ct\u00fcketime dayal\u0131 emisyon\u201d kayna\u011f\u0131 haline gelmesi ve \u015fu andan itibaren 2050’ye kadar t\u00fcm t\u00fcketim emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse d\u00f6rtte birini olu\u015fturmas\u0131 bekleniyor.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel end\u00fcstri, tedarik zinciri boyunca ba\u015fta karbondioksit (CO2<\/sub>) ve metan (CH4<\/sub>) olmak \u00fczere sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak ve ortadan kald\u0131rarak karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131 (IEA<\/a><\/u>), sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn uzun yat\u0131r\u0131m d\u00f6ng\u00fcleri nedeniyle ‘kilitli karbon\u2019 emisyonlardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 eylemin \u00f6nemini vurgulamaktad\u0131r.[6]<\/sup><\/a> Bu nedenle sanayi, enerji ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet sekt\u00f6r i\u00e7in karbonsuz bir gelece\u011fi desteklemek \u00fczere inovasyon, te\u015fvikler ve yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 uyumlu hale getirmek i\u00e7in \u015fimdi harekete ge\u00e7melidir.<\/p>\n

Fady Jameel, \u201cUzun vadede \u2018derin karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma\u2019 denilen ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in \u015fimdi temel aksiyonlara haz\u0131r olmal\u0131y\u0131z, bu da mevcut ekonomik ve sosyal modellerimiz i\u00e7in ac\u0131 verici, pahal\u0131 ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olabilir\u201d<\/em> diyor.<\/p>\n

Kolay olmayacak. Ancak, yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Ucuz yak\u0131t\u0131n bir alternatifinin olmas\u0131 komplike bir durumdur ve maliyetlidir<\/h2>\n

A\u011f\u0131r sanayi, her ikisi de CO2<\/sub> yayan; \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in hammaddeye ve yanma i\u00e7in fosil yak\u0131tlara son derece ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, hem yak\u0131tlar\u0131n hem de s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin de\u011fi\u015fmesi gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. A\u011f\u0131r sanayinin s\u0131f\u0131r karbon elektrikle 700 il\u00e2 1.600 santigrat derece aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan f\u0131r\u0131nlar tasarlamas\u0131 gerekecektir. End\u00fcstriyel prosesler son derece entegre oldu\u011fundan, sistemde yap\u0131lan bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik di\u011fer prosesleri ve hatta nihai \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc etkileyecektir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f karbonla \u00fcretilmi\u015f \u00e7elik ve \u00e7imento, bina y\u00f6netmeliklerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini gerektiren farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip olabilir.[7]<\/sup><\/a> Yenilemeler ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeler pahal\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00fcretim maliyetleri daha da y\u00fcksektir. McKinsey, \u00e7imento, \u00e7elik, amonyak ve betonun karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 11 trilyon ABD Dolar\u0131 ila 21 trilyon ABD Dolar\u0131 aras\u0131na mal olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmektedir.[8]<\/sup><\/a> K\u00fcresel bir pazarda emtia satarken y\u00fcksek bir sipari\u015f.<\/p>\n

\"Steel<\/p>\n

Bu arada, 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 5,3 milyar insana ula\u015fmas\u0131 beklenen k\u00fcresel orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n etkisiyle kaynak talebi art\u0131yor[9]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu, end\u00fcstrinin \u00fcretimi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131r\u0131rken, \u015fimdikinden \u00e7ok daha az CO2<\/sub> yaymas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel uyum da zor olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2011 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7elik ve \u00e7imento \u00fcreticisi \u00c7in, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131ndan daha fazla k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcketmi\u015ftir.[10]<\/sup><\/a> Dahas\u0131, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finden orant\u0131s\u0131z \u015fekilde etkilenen geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler, \u00f6zellikle geli\u015fmi\u015f d\u00fcnya k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa neden oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, daha zengin \u00fclkelerle aradaki bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken daha ucuz fosil yak\u0131tlardan vazge\u00e7meye isteksiz olabilirler.<\/p>\n

\"Global<\/p>\n

End\u00fcstriyel emisyonlar\u0131 azaltma stratejileri<\/h2>\n

Bu zorluklara ra\u011fmen, teknolojik geli\u015fmeler olmasa bile karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma teknik olarak ba\u015far\u0131labilir. Belirli karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma yollar\u0131; yenilenebilir enerjiye eri\u015fim, hammaddeler, altyap\u0131, karbon depolama kapasitesi, kaynak talebi ve do\u011fru finansal ve d\u00fczenleyici te\u015fviklere eri\u015fim gibi fakt\u00f6rlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak b\u00f6lgeler ve bireysel tesisler aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\n

Is\u0131n\u0131n elektrifikasyonu<\/h4>\n

\u0130n\u015faat, g\u0131da, tekstil ve \u00fcretim gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u0131s\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 sanayiler temiz enerji kaynaklar\u0131yla elektrifikasyon yoluyla emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n %90’\u0131n\u0131 azaltabilir. Bunu ba\u015farmak i\u00e7in, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar mevcut d\u00fczeylerinin iki kat\u0131 elektrifikasyona gitmeleri gerekir.[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131 gerektiren prosesler i\u00e7in elektrifikasyon daha zordur. McKinsey’e g\u00f6re, amonyak, \u00e7imento, etilen ve \u00e7eli\u011fin karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in “CO2<\/sub>emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in; herhangi bir \u00f6zel \u00e7aban\u0131n yoklu\u011funda ihtiya\u00e7 duyacaklar\u0131 miktar\u0131n d\u00f6rt ila dokuz kat\u0131 kadar, y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 25 ila 55 exajul – s\u0131f\u0131r karbon elektrik gerekli olacakt\u0131r.[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\n

End\u00fcstri daha fazla yenilenebilir elektri\u011fe ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor<\/h4>\n

Yenilenebilir enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde devam eden inovasyon ve yat\u0131r\u0131m, end\u00fcstrinin karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in esast\u0131r.\u00a0Abdul Latif Jameel Energy<\/a>‘nin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Fotowatio Renewable Ventures (FRV<\/a><\/u>), \u015firketin k\u00fcresel olarak enerji depolama projeleri geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik uzun vadeli plan\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce ilk \u015febeke \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde pil projesini ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u0130ngiltere’deki\u00a0Holes Bay<\/a>\u00a0plan\u0131, \u0130ngiltere’nin G\u00fcneyindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ak\u00fc depolama sistemlerinden biridir. 15 MWh birle\u015fik kapasiteye sahip bir lityum-iyon ak\u00fc sistemi kuracak; enerji depolama ve \u015febekeye esneklik kazand\u0131racak.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu enerji kaynaklar\u0131 ve hammaddeler<\/h4>\n

End\u00fcstri, fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu enerji kaynaklar\u0131 ve hammaddelerle, \u00f6zellikle s\u0131f\u0131r karbonlu yenilenebilir elektrikle<\/a><\/u>, hammadde veya yak\u0131t olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir \u015fekilde \u00fcretilen biyoyak\u0131t ve hammadde veya yak\u0131t olarak hidrojen ile de\u011fi\u015ftirmelidir.<\/p>\n

S\u0131f\u0131r karbonlu yenilenebilir elektrik, mevcut emtia fiyatlar\u0131nda megawatt-saat ba\u015f\u0131na 50 ABD dolar\u0131ndan fazla olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u0131s\u0131 veya hidrojen \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in elektrik kullanmak, bir\u00e7ok durumda Karbon Yakalama ve Depolamadan (CCS) daha ekonomiktir.<\/p>\n

Bu, baz\u0131 yerlerde zaten ba\u015far\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve muhtemelen yayg\u0131nla\u015facakt\u0131r.[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\"Decarbonization\"<\/p>\n

Sekt\u00f6rler genelinde enerjiyle ilgili CO2<\/sub> emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %30’unun, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda s\u00f6z konusu y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar nedeniyle yaln\u0131zca elektrikle azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 zordur.[14]<\/sup><\/a> \u0130\u015fte burada hidrojen ve biyoyak\u0131t devreye girer. Hidrojen Konseyi<\/a>, hidrojenin 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar nihai enerji t\u00fcketiminin %18’ini ikame edebilece\u011fini tahmin etmektedir. Hidrojen, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7elik imalat\u0131 ve kimyasal sanayilerinde hammadde ve enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayacakt\u0131r. \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Finlandiya taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Hybrit<\/a> giri\u015fimi, 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar hidrojenli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu \u00e7elik \u00fcretme yolunda ilerliyor. Hidrojen ideal olarak s\u0131f\u0131r karbonlu elektrikle \u00fcretilecektir, ancak do\u011fal gazlar kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan \u2018mavi hidrojen\u2019 karbon yakalama ile birle\u015ftirilirse de yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ah\u015fap, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve biyodizel gibi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u015fekilde \u00fcretilen biyoyak\u0131t da teknik ve finansal olarak yeni in\u015fa edilen \u00e7imento ve \u00e7elik tesisleri i\u00e7in uygulanabilir ve etilen ve amonyak \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in fosil yak\u0131t hammaddelerinin yerini alabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Brezilya’da \u00e7elik \u00fcreticileri k\u00f6m\u00fcr yerine odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yak\u0131t ve hammadde olarak kullan\u0131rlar ve Avrupa’daki bir\u00e7ok kimyasal \u00fcreticisi biyo neft \u00fczerinde deneyler yapmaktad\u0131r[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Karbon yakalama ve depolama<\/h4>\n

Karbon end\u00fcstriyel proseslerdeki egzoz gazlar\u0131ndan yakalanabilir ve yeralt\u0131nda (CCS) depolanabilir veya karbon yakalama ve kullan\u0131m (CCU) yoluyla hammadde olarak kullan\u0131labilir. Yakalanan CO2<\/sub> g\u00fcbre, gazl\u0131 i\u00e7ecekler, ila\u00e7lar \u00fcretmek ve su ar\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Enerji \u00fcretimi de dahil olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer sanayilerde de hammadde veya yak\u0131t olarak kullan\u0131labilir. Di\u011fer uygulamalar aras\u0131nda polimerlere veya karbonatlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler, beton k\u00fcrleme ve mineral karbonizasyonu yer al\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ayr\u0131ca CO2<\/sub>\u2019yi [16]<\/sup><\/a>ta\u015f\u0131ma yak\u0131tlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Depolaman\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011fu yerlerde, CCS mevcut emtia fiyatlar\u0131nda en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma se\u00e7ene\u011fidir ve \u00e7imento \u00fcretiminden kaynaklanan emisyonlar\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rabilen tek teknolojidir[17]<\/sup><\/a>. Ancak teknoloji pahal\u0131 olmaya devam ediyor ve kamu ve d\u00fczenleme deste\u011fine g\u00fcveniyor. Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck elektrik fiyatlar\u0131, elektrifikasyon ve hidrojen bazl\u0131 karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 daha \u00e7ekici k\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Carbon<\/p>\n

Daha ak\u0131ll\u0131, daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir malzemeler ve s\u00fcre\u00e7ler<\/h4>\n

Daha verimli malzeme ve s\u00fcre\u00e7ler kullanmak zaman ve paradan tasarruf ederken karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 da destekleyebilir. Arabalardaki \u00e7elik (hatta al\u00fcminyum) karbon fiber ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir ve in\u015faat \u00e7elik ve beton yerine daha fazla ah\u015fap kullanabilir. Alternatif betonlar, yeni kimyasal kataliz\u00f6rler ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck GHG\u2019li \u00e7elik (sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7elik)[18]<\/sup><\/a> gibi ak\u0131ll\u0131 malzemeler; \u00f6rne\u011fin Massachusetts\u2019de bulunan Boston Metal\u2019in k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn hammadde olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131ran bir \u00e7elik \u00fcretim prosesi kullanmas\u0131 umut vadediyor[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00fcr\u00fcnler, daha az enerji ve daha az malzeme kullanan daha yenilik\u00e7i s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle birle\u015ftirilebilir. \u201cHafif a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u201d ad\u0131 verilen \u00fcr\u00fcn, u\u00e7aklardan ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlara kadar her \u015feyde verimlili\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Katk\u0131 maddesi \u00fcretimi teslim s\u00fcresini, maliyeti ve israf\u0131 azalt\u0131r. Otomasyon ve analiz verimlili\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131r. Basit tasar\u0131m iyile\u015ftirmelerinin bile \u00f6nemli bir etkisi olabilir; \u00f6rne\u011fin, Interface, s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeyi azaltmak ve daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck pompa ve motorlara izin vermek i\u00e7in kal\u0131n, k\u0131sa ve d\u00fcz borular yaparak Hollanda\u2019daki bir hal\u0131 fabrikas\u0131nda enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltt\u0131.[20]<\/sup><\/a> \u0130n\u015faat sanayinin, binalarda kullan\u0131lan beton miktar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in kavisli kuma\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131 gibi daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tedarik ve y\u00f6ntemler[21]<\/sup><\/a> kullanarak emisyonlar\u0131 %29-%44 aras\u0131nda azaltabilece\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Farkl\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, \u00f6zellikle de \u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretimini ve kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 entegre etmek, enerji ve emisyonlar\u0131 azaltman\u0131n \u00e7ok etkili bir yoludur ve \u00f6nemli bir geri \u00f6deme sa\u011flayabilir. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki Rocky Mountain Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 milyar ABD Dolar\u0131 de\u011ferindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli end\u00fcstriyel projelerde, t\u00fcm sistemin yeniden tasar\u0131m\u0131 ile, iyile\u015ftirmelerde %60’a kadar ve yeni in\u015fa edilen tesislerde %90’a kadar enerji tasarrufu sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplad\u0131[22]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"CircularD\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomi ilkeleri, yeniden kullan\u0131m\u0131, yenilenmesi ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc daha kolay olan daha uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in uygulanabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00e7eli\u011fin yeniden kullan\u0131m\u0131 yeni \u00e7eli\u011fin enerjisinin sadece d\u00f6rtte birini gerektirir ve 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde plastiklerin yakla\u015f\u0131k %60’\u0131n\u0131n yerini geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f malzemeler alacakt\u0131r.[23]<\/sup><\/a> Kanadal\u0131 firma Carbon Cure, karbon ayak izini azaltmak i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f CO2<\/sub>\u2019yi \u00e7imentoyla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor.[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Son olarak, yeni teknolojinin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcketim modellerindeki de\u011fi\u015fim, malzeme talebini azaltabilir; \u00f6rne\u011fin, yeni mobilite<\/a> modelleri yol ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ve bu nedenle \u00e7imentoya olan ihtiyac\u0131 ve hassas tar\u0131m g\u00fcbre i\u00e7in amonyak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltabilir.<\/p>\n

Faturay\u0131 payla\u015fmak<\/h2>\n

Mutlak say\u0131lar g\u00f6z korkutucu olsa da, Stockholm Environment Institute<\/a>‘a (SEI)[25]<\/sup><\/a> g\u00f6re karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma end\u00fcstrisi k\u00fcresel GSY\u0130H’n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca %0,5 ila %1’ine mal olacakt\u0131r. Buradaki zorluk, riski kamu ve \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l da\u011f\u0131taca\u011f\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7evresel, sosyal ve y\u00f6neti\u015fim performans\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendiren ESG yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f ve finansal fakt\u00f6rler, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fin \u00f6deyebilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. 2020\u2019nin, piyasadaki karma\u015faya ra\u011fmen, ESG yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in rekor bir y\u0131l olmas\u0131 bekleniyor. 2020’nin ilk \u00e7eyre\u011findeki giri\u015fler, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir fonlara sa\u011flanan 21,4 milyar ABD dolarl\u0131k rekorun yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131[26]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Sustainable<\/p>\n

Alman Ekonomik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (DIW Berlin<\/a>) teknolojilerin hen\u00fcz pazar rekabetine ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde finanse etmenin “vazge\u00e7ilmez” oldu\u011funu belirtiyor: “Bah\u015fi\u015f, hibe, kredi, sonuca dayal\u0131 finansman veya di\u011fer herhangi bir bi\u00e7imdeki ye\u015fil finansman \u00fc\u00e7 bak\u0131mdan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir: Ar-Ge, \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilirlik ve uygun maliyet.”[27]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Abdul Latif Jameel gibi \u00f6zel i\u015fletmeler, hem i\u015f hem de h\u00fck\u00fcmet yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sanayiyi karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. Abdul Latif Jameel’in \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu Temiz, Yenilenebilir ve \u00c7evre F\u0131rsatlar\u0131 Birli\u011fi (<\/u>CREO Syndicate<\/a>)<\/u> gibi kurulu\u015flar hali haz\u0131rda, k\u00fcresel ESG pazar\u0131nda tutumlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ve \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131m f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak, \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar bunu tek ba\u015flar\u0131na yapamaz. \u00dcmit veren ancak ispatlanmam\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi daha risklidir ve fosil yak\u0131t yasaklar\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131 ve daha y\u00fcksek karbon fiyatlar\u0131 nakit paray\u0131 daha da geri \u00e7eker. Daha fazla kesinlik ve net bir y\u00f6n, daha derin yat\u0131r\u0131mlara izin verecektir. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler, yenilenebilir enerjinin maliyetinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini ve \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirilmesini destekledikleri \u015fekilde, karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma end\u00fcstrisi i\u00e7in destek, d\u00fczenleme ve koordinasyon sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Devlet ve kamu kurumlar\u0131, inovasyonu desteklemek ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in vergi kredileri ve hibeleri sa\u011flamak \u00fczere sekt\u00f6r, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 te\u015fvik edebilir. Ayr\u0131ca, pilot uygulamalar\u0131n finansman\u0131 ve n\u00f6tr karbon \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve erken hareket edenler i\u00e7in riskleri hafifletmek \u00fczere tedarik standartlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi gibi daha sonraki geli\u015ftirme a\u015famalar\u0131nda daha \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamalar\u0131 gerekecektir.[28]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k’ta, LSE’deki Grantham \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve \u00c7evre<\/a>, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir altyap\u0131 i\u00e7in finansman konusunda \u015feffafl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenilirlik sa\u011flamak \u00fczere bir “Ulusal Altyap\u0131 Bankas\u0131” \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor. Bu kurum, gelecekteki b\u00fcy\u00fcme yolunda beklentileri uyumlu hale getirebilir ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k’\u0131n hem verimsiz y\u00fcksek karbon teknolojilerine hem de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir altyap\u0131ya yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k yoldan ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir.”<\/em>[29]<\/strong><\/sup><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Enstit\u00fcden gelen bir rapor,[30]<\/a> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma tesislerini te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in do\u011frudan te\u015fvikler ile birlikte, pazarlar\u0131 yenilenebilir enerji \u00fcretmek ve da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ekici k\u0131lmak \u00fczere finansal politikan\u0131n kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini \u00f6nermektedir. Politikalar ayr\u0131ca s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir biyoyak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7eli\u011fin yeniden kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve plastiklerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesini de te\u015fvik edebilir. Te\u015fvikler daha s\u0131k\u0131 enerji verimlili\u011fi ve emisyon standartlar\u0131, enerji denetimleri ve veri toplama ve a\u00e7\u0131klama gereklilikleri ile birle\u015ftirilebilir. Daha sa\u011flam \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler her zaman bir se\u00e7enektir. ABD’den \u00c7in’e kadar, k\u00f6m\u00fcrle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tesisler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere en y\u00fcksek emisyonlular i\u00e7in zorunlu emeklilik kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu zaman temel mali ara\u00e7lardan biri, sanayi \u015firketlerinin emisyonlar\u0131 azaltmada kendi yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulma konusundaki yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve ekonomik zorunlulu\u011fundan yararlanmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, daha fazla karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma veya sosyal politikalar\u0131 destekleyebilecek gelirler de olu\u015fturur. Karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131, karbon emisyonlar\u0131 tedarik zincirinde deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yerlerde gizlendi\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan “ka\u00e7a\u011f\u0131” en aza indirmek i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r ayarlamalar\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011finde en etkilidir.<\/p>\n

Karbon vergileri, enerji ve ula\u015f\u0131m sekt\u00f6rlerinde zaten bir miktar ba\u015far\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u0130sve\u00e7, ba\u015fta \u0131s\u0131tma ve motor yak\u0131tlar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyadaki en y\u00fcksek karbon vergisini uygulamaktad\u0131r. Bu, daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131rken karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 GSY\u0130H’dan ay\u0131rman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tl\u0131yor. Karbon vergisini ba\u015flatt\u0131ktan sonra, \u0130sve\u00e7’in biyoyak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131 1990’da %25’ten 2012’de yakla\u015f\u0131k %70’e \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Derin bir nefes al\u0131n<\/h2>\n

Karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma end\u00fcstrisi k\u00fcresel taahh\u00fct ve \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 miktarda yat\u0131r\u0131m gerektirecektir. Ancak alternatifi \u00e7ok daha maliyetli olacakt\u0131r. Sanayi i\u015fletmeleri, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli elektrik, hidrojen, biyoyak\u0131t ve karbon depolama kapasitesinin yerel mevcudiyetine dayal\u0131 olarak teknolojilerin ve hammaddelerin optimum kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek \u00fczere tesislerini inceleyerek merkezi bir rol oynamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130n\u015faat ve \u00fcretim de dahil olmak \u00fczere tedarik zincirinin ileriki a\u015famalar\u0131nda yer alan i\u015fletmeler, yeniden kullan\u0131m ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131rken daha az malzeme kullanmak \u00fczere s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini yeniden tasarlayabilirler.<\/p>\n

Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar \u2013 hem kamu hem de \u00f6zel \u2013 yenilik\u00e7ileri ve erken hareket edenleri desteklemek i\u00e7in daha fazla mekanizma geli\u015ftirebilir. Ve en \u00f6nemlisi, h\u00fck\u00fcmetler umut verici karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma teknolojilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in mali te\u015fvikler sa\u011flamal\u0131 ve yenilenebilir enerji deste\u011fini geni\u015fletmelidir.<\/p>\n

Fady Jameel, \u201cBug\u00fcn yapabilece\u011fimiz ve 2050’de s\u0131f\u0131r emisyonlu bir enerji sistemine yak\u0131n olup olmamam\u0131z\u0131 etkileyecek bir\u00e7ok se\u00e7enek var diyor. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015fu anda ekonomik olarak – ya da politik olarak – uygulanabilir olmasa da, do\u011fru se\u00e7imleri yapmak ekonomiyi y\u00f6nlendirecek, \u00e7evreyi koruyacak ve gelecekte toplumlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 koruyacak.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2019\/11\/1052171<\/u><\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06876-2<\/u><\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/sg\/en\/content\/sg\/statement\/2019-09-23\/secretary-generals-remarks-closing-of-climate-action-summit-delivered<\/u><\/p>\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/energycommerce.house.gov\/sites\/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov\/files\/documents\/CLEAN%20Future%20Act%20Memo%2001.08.20.pdf<\/u><\/p>\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> Decarbonization of industrial sectors: the next frontier<\/u>, McKinsey, Haziran 2018<\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/clean-energy-innovation<\/u><\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/2020\/07\/10\/why-decarbonizing-heavy-industry-is-difficult-but-also-possible\/<\/u><\/p>\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> Decarbonization of industrial sectors: the next frontier<\/u>, McKinsey, Haziran 2018<\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/knowledge4policy\/growing-consumerism_en<\/u><\/p>\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/chinapower.csis.org\/energy-footprint\/#:~:text=From%201990%20to%202018%2C%20China,the%20largest%20consumer%20of%20coal<\/u>.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> Reimagining industrial operations<\/u>, McKinsey, May\u0131s 2020<\/p>\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> How industry can move toward a low-carbon future<\/u>, McKinsey, Temmuz 2018<\/p>\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> How industry can move toward a low-carbon future<\/u>, McKinsey, Temmuz 2018<\/p>\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> Climate mate: What a 1.5 degree pathway would take<\/u>, McKinsey, Nisan 2020<\/p>\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> Decarbonization of industrial sectors: the next frontier<\/u>, McKinsey, Haziran 2018<\/p>\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> Five keys to unlock CCS investment<\/u>, Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131, 2017<\/p>\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> How industry can move toward a low-carbon future<\/u>, McKinsey, Temmuz 2018<\/p>\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.responsiblesteel.org\/<\/u><\/p>\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.bostonmetal.com\/<\/u><\/p>\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.greenbiz.com\/article\/heres-how-decarbonize-industry-and-fight-climate-change<\/u><\/p>\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.c40.org\/networks\/clean-construction-forum<\/u><\/p>\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a>. How big is the energy efficiency resource?<\/u>, A.B. Lovins, Environ Res Lett, 2018<\/p>\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/sustainability\/our-insights\/climate-math-what-a-1-point-5-degree-pathway-would-take<\/u><\/p>\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.carboncure.com\/<\/u><\/p>\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.sei.org\/perspectives\/a-public-private-path-to-decarbonising-industry\/<\/u><\/p>\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/06\/07\/sustainable-investing-is-set-to-surge-in-the-wake-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic.html<\/u><\/p>\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> Finance mechanisms for accelerating industry decarbonization<\/u>, DIW Berlin, Ocak 2020<\/p>\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/markets\/2020\/07\/10\/why-decarbonizing-heavy-industry-is-difficult-but-also-possible\/<\/u><\/p>\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> Decarbonization of the UK economy and green finance<\/u>, Grantham \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve \u00c7evre Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Eyl\u00fcl 2019<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Decarbonization of the UK economy and green finance<\/u>, Grantham \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve \u00c7evre Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Eyl\u00fcl 2019<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> The Carbon Tax in Sweden – IER (instituteforenergyresearch.org)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":82287,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nKarbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma end\u00fcstrisi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir gelecek i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u00fcnya, BM \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n belirledi\u011fi hedefleri kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 2017 seviyesinin en az 'u kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeli ve 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar karbon n\u00f6tr hale gelmelidir.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/sadece-sicak-hava-degil-karbonsuzlastirma-endustrisi-surdurulebilir-bir-gelecek-icin-neden-cok-onemlidir\/\" \/>\n<meta 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