{"id":94038,"date":"2021-11-10T11:26:12","date_gmt":"2021-11-10T11:26:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/?post_type=perspective&p=94038"},"modified":"2022-04-14T11:36:56","modified_gmt":"2022-04-14T11:36:56","slug":"karbon-yakalama-dunyayi-co%e2%82%82den-kurtarabilir-mi","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/perspective\/karbon-yakalama-dunyayi-co%e2%82%82den-kurtarabilir-mi\/","title":{"rendered":"Karbon yakalama, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 CO\u2082\u2019den kurtarabilir mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 1,5 derece<\/a> ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rabilir miyiz? \u0130nsanl\u0131k, karbondioksit (CO\u2082) sal\u0131m miktar\u0131 ile d\u00fcnyada rakipsizdir. \u0130nan\u0131lmaz bir \u015fekilde, son 300 y\u0131lda sal\u0131nan CO\u2082 miktar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca 1980 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana atmosfere eklenmi\u015ftir[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Neyse ki karbondioksiti ortadan kald\u0131rma konusunda her g\u00fcn daha iyiye gitmekteyiz. B\u00f6yle olmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yerinde, aksi takdirde sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 azaltarak karbonu giderme s\u00fcreci onlarca y\u0131l alacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Karbon yakalama ve depolama, daha k\u0131sa zaman alacak bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fru yan\u0131t olabilir mi?<\/p>\n

Karbon yakalama ve depolama nedir?<\/h2>\n

Karbon Yakalama ve Depolama (Carbon Capture and Storage – CCS), end\u00fcstriyel prosesler ve g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcretimi ile sal\u0131nan CO\u2082\u2019yi yakalar. CO\u2082 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve yer alt\u0131 kaya olu\u015fumlar\u0131nda saklan\u0131r. Karbon Yakalama, Kullanma ve Depolama (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage – CCUS) teknolojisi, CO\u2082\u2019yi ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan kullan\u0131labilir \u00fcr\u00fcnlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"Carbon<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131 (IEA<\/a><\/u>) taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan bir rapora g\u00f6re, \u201cKarbon yakalama, kullanma ve depolama (CCUS) teknolojisi, hem kilit sekt\u00f6rlerdeki emisyonlar\u0131 do\u011frudan azaltmaya hem de net s\u0131f\u0131r hedeflerinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak, \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesi g\u00fc\u00e7 emisyonlar\u0131 dengelemek i\u00e7in CO<\/em>\u2082<\/em>\u2019yi ortadan kald\u0131rmaya katk\u0131da bulunan tek teknoloji grubudur.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"Karbon yakalama, yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 y\u0131ld\u0131r kullan\u0131lan kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f bir teknolojidir.<\/p>\n

Ancak ne yaz\u0131k ki kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131n de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Global CCS Institute<\/a>\u2019\u00fcn 2019 raporuna g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca 51 CCS tesisi bulunmaktad\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n sadece 19\u2019u faal durumdad\u0131r. Tesislerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ABD ve Kanada\u2019da, geri kalan\u0131 ise Avrupa ve Asya\u2019dad\u0131r. Sadece iki CCUS donan\u0131ml\u0131 elektrik santrali vard\u0131r ve her ikisi de Kuzey Amerika\u2019da bulunmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

CO\u2082\u2019nin ticari kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131<\/h3>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu CCUS projesi, Geli\u015fmi\u015f Petrol Geri Kazan\u0131m\u0131 (Enhanced Oil Recovery – EOR) i\u00e7in petrol \u015firketlerine CO\u2082 satmaktad\u0131r. CO\u2082 ayr\u0131ca sentetik yak\u0131t, kimyasal, in\u015faat malzemesi, t\u0131bbi ila\u00e7 ve elbette gazl\u0131 i\u00e7ecek \u00fcretmede ve su ar\u0131tmada da kullan\u0131labilir. Yeni veya b\u00fcy\u00fcyen pazarlar, CO\u2082\u2019yi ham madde veya baz\u0131 proseslerde (g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcretimi dahil), polimerlere veya karbonatlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmede, beton k\u00fcrlemede ve mineral karbonlamada bir s\u0131v\u0131 olarak kullanabilir.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

En fazla sal\u0131m yapan akt\u00f6rlere odaklanma<\/h2>\n

Abdul Latif Jameel<\/a> Ba\u015fkan Vekili ve Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 <\/a>Fady Jameel\u2019in karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma hakk\u0131ndaki Spotlight makalesinde<\/a> tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi karbon yakalama, net s\u0131f\u0131r emisyon elde etmede hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r ve mevcut emtia fiyatlar\u0131nda bu hedefe ula\u015fman\u0131n en ucuz yollar\u0131ndan biridir. IEA, k\u00fcresel enerji d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnde CCUS\u2019nin yenilenebilir elektrik, biyoenerji ve hidrojenle birlikte d\u00f6rt temel dayanak noktas\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011funa inanmaktad\u0131r[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Karbon yakalaman\u0131n d\u00f6rt ana kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. A\u011f\u0131r sanayinin karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    K\u00fcresel CO\u2082 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n %20\u2019den fazlas\u0131ndan sorumlu olan [3]<\/sup><\/a>a\u011f\u0131r sanayi, end\u00fcstrinin karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/a><\/u> hakk\u0131ndaki Perspectives makalemizde incelenmektedir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki \u00e7elik, kimyasal ve \u00e7imento gibi \u00fcretim \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak teknik olarak karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r veya \u00e7ok maliyetlidir. Bu prosesler, yenilenebilir elektri\u011fin fosil yak\u0131tlarla hen\u00fcz rekabet edemedi\u011fi bir alan olan yo\u011fun \u0131s\u0131ya dayan\u0131r[4]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu t\u00fcr alternatif enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yerine karbon yakalama teknolojilerini kullanmak yerinde olacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca CCUS, kullan\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce giderilmesi gereken b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda CO\u2082 ihtiva eden do\u011fal gaz\u0131n i\u015flenmesinde tek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Mevcut tesisleri iyile\u015ftirme:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7 istasyonlar\u0131 ve end\u00fcstriyel tesisleri, herhangi bir modifikasyon yap\u0131lmazsa kalan kullan\u0131m \u00f6m\u00fcrleri boyunca yakla\u015f\u0131k yirmi y\u0131ll\u0131k CO\u2082 (600 Gt CO\u2082) \u00fcretebilir. \u00d6zellikle, 2019\u2019da k\u00fcresel CO\u2082 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7te birinin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerinin %60\u2019a kadar\u0131, 2050\u2019de halen faaliyet g\u00f6steriyor olacakt\u0131r.[5]<\/sup><\/a> \u00c7elik i\u00e7in de durum daha iyi de\u011fildir. CCUS, bu tesisler i\u00e7in mevcut \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 korurken emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltman\u0131n ve yerel ekonomileri koruyabilmenin tek yoludur.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu hidrojen yak\u0131t\u0131 \u00fcretme:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        CCUS enerji, nakliye, sanayi ve mevcut \u00e7evre sekt\u00f6rlerinde fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yerini alabilen, temiz yanan bir gaz olan hidrojeni \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in uygun maliyetli bir yol sunmaktad\u0131r. Hidrojenin enerji yo\u011funlu\u011fu, onu havac\u0131l\u0131ktaki fosil yak\u0131tlar yerine kullan\u0131labilecek bir alternatif haline getirmektedir. (Di\u011fer tek se\u00e7enek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir biyok\u00fctledir, ancak arz\u0131 yeterli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe sahip de\u011fildir.)<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Karbonun havadan \u00e7ekilmesi:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Baz\u0131 proseslerin karbonunu yakalamak zordur. Neyse ki CO\u2082, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir biyok\u00fctle i\u00e7ine yakalanarak veya do\u011frudan havada yakalama ve depolama y\u00f6ntemi kullan\u0131larak havadan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bunlar, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 dengelemek isteyen i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7in giderek daha pop\u00fcler hale gelen se\u00e7eneklerdir. Kanada\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketi olan Shopify, yak\u0131n zamanda 10.000 metrik ton CO\u2082 yakalayabilece\u011fini duyurmu\u015ftur[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          Daha ucuz ama yeterince ucuz de\u011fil mi?<\/h2>\n

          IEA\u2019n\u0131n vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, karbon yakalama y\u00f6ntemi kullan\u0131lmadan emisyon azaltmak, inan\u0131lmaz derecede pahal\u0131ya mal olacakt\u0131r. Karbon yakalaman\u0131n maliyetiyle ilgili bir raporda \u015fu hususlar yer almaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

          \u201cCCUS teknolojisinin mevcudiyetini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak, \u015fu anda daha pahal\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirmenin daha erken a\u015famalar\u0131nda olan teknolojilere y\u00fcksek oranda bel ba\u011flanmas\u0131na neden olarak enerji ge\u00e7i\u015finin maliyetini ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131racakt\u0131r. Buna \u00f6rnek olarak \u00e7imento \u00fcretimi ve saf \u00e7elik yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kl\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131nda elektrik kullan\u0131m\u0131 verilebilir.<\/em>[7]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

          Ancak CCUS teknolojisi ucuz de\u011fildir. Tesislerdeki teknolojiyi y\u00fckseltmek veya iyile\u015ftirmek ve ta\u015f\u0131ma ve depolama altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli yat\u0131r\u0131mlar gerekmektedir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli tesisler en iyi \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomisini sa\u011flar ancak i\u015fletmeye al\u0131nmas\u0131 daha pahal\u0131d\u0131r; finansman sa\u011flamak ve ticari riski projelere pay etmek zor olabilir (ve k\u00e2r marjlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltan her \u015fey, \u00e7elik gibi fiyat esnekli\u011fi y\u00fcksek mallar i\u00e7in bir sorundur).<\/p>\n

          Karbon yakalama genellikle fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131ran bir y\u00f6ntem olarak alg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r ve r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi fiyatlar\u0131ndaki \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda bu durum, sanayi ve toplum a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu teknolojinin \u00e7ekicili\u011fini azaltmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir \u201ctavuk ve yumurta\u201d senaryosu s\u00f6z konusudur: Depolanacak bir yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece CO\u2082 yakalaman\u0131n bir anlam\u0131 yoktur. Ve CO\u2082 arz\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece depolamaya yat\u0131r\u0131m yapman\u0131n da bir anlam\u0131 yoktur. Daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, COVID-19 ve bunun neticesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ekonomik gerileme, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 etkilemi\u015f ve \u015fu anda CCUS i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 olan geli\u015fmi\u015f petrol geri kazan\u0131m\u0131 end\u00fcstrisindeki CO\u2082 talebini azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \"\"<\/p>\n

          T\u00fcm bu zorluklar, emisyonlar\u0131 azaltma hedeflerine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket etme ihtiyac\u0131 ile birle\u015fince daha da \u015fiddetlenmektedir. O halde, karbon yakalamada devasa bir \u00f6l\u00e7ek art\u0131\u015f\u0131na ula\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr?<\/p>\n

          Devletlerin m\u00fcdahale etmesi gerekir<\/h2>\n

          Baz\u0131 zorluklar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden, piyasalar tek ba\u015flar\u0131na gelemezler. CCUS, temiz enerji ve verimlilik teknolojilerine yap\u0131lan k\u00fcresel yat\u0131r\u0131mda %0,5 oran\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman a\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[8]<\/sup><\/a> Karbon yakalama pazar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek ve tesislerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin acilen harekete ge\u00e7mesi gereklidir. Her \u015feye uygun tek bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yoktur; ancak h\u00fck\u00fcmetler hibeler, vergi indirimi, karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131, s\u00fcbvansiyonlar, d\u00fczenlemeler ve CCUS tesislerinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kamu tedariki dahil olmak \u00fczere inovasyonu destekleyecek ve karbon yakalama operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131racak bir dizi \u00f6nlemden faydalanabilirler.<\/p>\n

          \u0130lerleme g\u00f6rmekteyiz. \u00d6zellikle, net s\u0131f\u0131r emisyon hedeflerinin giderek daha fazla benimsenmesi, karbon yakalama se\u00e7ene\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. A\u011fustos 2020 itibar\u0131yla 14 \u00fclke ve AB, s\u0131f\u0131r emisyon hedeflerini benimsemi\u015f veya \u00f6nermi\u015ftir; 100 \u00fclke daha bu s\u00fcrece uyum sa\u011flamaya haz\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r[9]<\/sup><\/a>. \u00c7e\u015fitli politika te\u015fvikleri de karbon yakalamay\u0131 finansal olarak daha uygulanabilir hale getirmektedir. ABD\u2019de geni\u015fletilmi\u015f 45Q vergi indirimi (2018\u2019de uygulamaya ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir), EOR\u2019de depolanan veya kullan\u0131lan CO\u2082 i\u00e7in cazip te\u015fvikler sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r[10]<\/sup><\/a>. AB \u0130novasyon Fonu, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren CCUS ve di\u011fer temiz enerji projelerini desteklemek i\u00e7in milyarlarca euro\u2019yu kullan\u0131ma sunmaktad\u0131r[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          IEA verilerine g\u00f6re, COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131na ra\u011fmen h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve sekt\u00f6r 2020\u2019de CCUS\u2019a 4,5 milyar ABD dolar\u0131ndan fazla para ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[12]<\/sup><\/a> 2017 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana yakla\u015f\u0131k 27 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 de\u011ferinde 30 adet CCUS tesisinin kuruldu\u011fu duyurulmu\u015ftur. \u00c7o\u011fu ABD ve Avrupa\u2019dad\u0131r; di\u011ferleri ise Avustralya, \u00c7in, Kore, Orta Do\u011fu ve Yeni Zelanda\u2019dad\u0131r. IEA\u2019ya g\u00f6re, t\u00fcm bu projeler devam ederse global CO\u2082 yakalama kapasitesi \u00fc\u00e7 kattan fazla artacak ve y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 130 Mt seviyesine ula\u015facakt\u0131r[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          \u0130novasyon ve yat\u0131r\u0131m<\/h2>\n

          Devlet deste\u011fine ek olarak \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ve Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, karbon yakalamay\u0131 ticari olarak daha \u00e7ekici bir teklif haline getirmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

          Maliyetlerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f:<\/strong> Karbon yakalama \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip sadece iki ticari k\u00f6m\u00fcr fabrikas\u0131 vard\u0131r; ancak bu tesisler aras\u0131ndaki fark, inovasyonun maliyet tasarrufu potansiyelini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri faaliyet g\u00f6steren Kanada Boundary Dam tesisine k\u0131yasla 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda hizmete al\u0131nan Houston Petra Nova tesisinde Karbon yakalama maliyeti %30 daha ucuzdur. Ancak ton ba\u015f\u0131na 65 ABD dolar\u0131 olan maliyetle \u015fu anda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan teknolojilere k\u0131yasla daha pahal\u0131d\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 CCS Bilgi Merkezi\u2019ne g\u00f6re, bug\u00fcn k\u00f6m\u00fcrle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir elektrik santralinin yenilenmesi ton ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 45 ABD dolar\u0131 maliyete sahip olabilir. Bu talep g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e muhtemelen daha da artacakt\u0131r. \u00c7in, Kore ve ABD\u2019de bulunan yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 k\u00f6m\u00fcr santralinin yenilenmesi planlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          Daha fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m ve te\u015fvik: <\/strong>IEA\u2019ya g\u00f6re, \u201cCO\u2082 kullanan yeni \u015firketler i\u00e7in k\u00fcresel \u00f6zel fon kullan\u0131m\u0131, son on y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d. NRG COSIA Carbon XPrize<\/a><\/u> gibi yar\u0131\u015fmalar yenilik\u00e7i CO\u2082 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme teknolojilerini ve CO\u2082 kullan\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmektedir.<\/p>\n

          Do\u011frudan Havada Yakalama (Direct Air Capture, DAC) teknolojisinde daha fazla ara\u015ft\u0131rma: <\/strong>\u015eu anda faaliyet g\u00f6steren birka\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli DAC tesisi bulunmaktad\u0131r ve geli\u015ftirme a\u015famas\u0131nda olan daha pek \u00e7ok tesis vard\u0131r. Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6nde gelen geli\u015ftiricileri, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 180 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda \u00f6zel sermaye ve 170 milyon ABD dolar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde kamu fonu toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130svi\u00e7reli bir \u015firket olan Climeworks, CarbFix2 projesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak y\u0131lda binlerce ton CO\u2082\u2019yi yakalayacak olan \u0130zlanda\u2019daki Karbon Depolamal\u0131 Do\u011frudan Havada Yakalama (DACCS) tesisini geni\u015fletmektedir[14]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Hellisheidi Enerji Santrali, \u0130zlanda – Foto\u011fraf Sahibi \u00a9 Arni Saeberg – 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda Climeworks; Climeworks\u2019\u00fcn \u0130zlanda\u2019daki mukabili olan CarbFix ve \u0130zlandal\u0131 jeotermal enerji sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ON Power ile \u0130zlanda\u2019n\u0131n karbon giderme ve depolama \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik olarak y\u0131ll\u0131k bazda havadaki 4.000 ton CO\u2082\u2019yi kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak atabilecek yeni bir tesisin temelini atmak i\u00e7in anla\u015fma imzalad\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Carbon Engineering, Teksas\u2019ta Occidental Petroleum ile i\u015f birli\u011fi yaparak y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon ton CO\u2082 yakalayacak ve petrol geri kazan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacak bir CCUS tesisi kurmu\u015ftur.[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

          Ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa o kadar iyi<\/h2>\n

          Karbon yakalaman\u0131n ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan anlaml\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 ortak bir altyap\u0131ya ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Avustralya, Avrupa ve ABD\u2019de \u015fu anda bu t\u00fcr yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 \u201cCCUS merkezi\u201d geli\u015ftirilmektedir ve bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck hidrojenli \u00fcretim ile ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p>\n

          CCUS merkezleri, CCUS zinciri genelinde yakalama, ta\u015f\u0131ma ve depolama maliyetlerini pay ederek ticari ve finansal riskleri azaltmaktad\u0131r. Bilin\u00e7li olarak b\u00f6ylesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir boyuta sahip olacak \u015fekilde tasarlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; bu da tesisleri, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta pahal\u0131 ancak uzun vadede daha ucuz hale getirmektedir. Ba\u011flant\u0131 merkezleri, \u00f6zel ta\u015f\u0131ma ve depolama imkan\u0131 olmayan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tesislerdeki CO\u2082 yakalama faaliyetlerini daha da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca istihdam imkanlar\u0131n\u0131, mevcut altyap\u0131y\u0131 ve tedarik zincirlerini de korumaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

          Bu \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck proje, karbon yakalaman\u0131n potansiyel de\u011ferini b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ortaya koymaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

          Norve\u00e7\u2019in Northern Lights<\/strong> projesi Shell, Total ve Equinor aras\u0131ndaki bir i\u015f ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu projede, birden fazla tesisten end\u00fcstriyel CO\u2082\u2019yi yakalan\u0131p Norve\u00e7 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki bir k\u0131y\u0131 terminaline g\u00f6nderilecek ve oradan da Kuzey Denizi alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en bir boru hatt\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131k deniz deposuna ta\u015f\u0131nacakt\u0131r[16]<\/sup><\/a>. Northern Lights, Norve\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin 16,8 milyar kron (1,8 milyar ABD dolar\u0131) ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cLongship\u201d giri\u015fiminin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r[17]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Zero Carbon Humber<\/strong> projesi, Kuzey Denizi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndan 1,6 km a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bulunan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda CO\u2082[18]<\/sup><\/a> depolayabilen \u201cEndurance\u201d isimli bir tuz akiferini kullanmaktad\u0131r. National Grid, Drax ve Equinor dahil olmak \u00fczere kamu ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen bu teklif, yakla\u015f\u0131k 75 milyon pound de\u011ferindedir ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019ta karbonun en yo\u011fun olarak bulundu\u011fu end\u00fcstriyel b\u00f6lge olan Humber Estuary\u2019deki karbonsuzla\u015fma faaliyetlerini h\u0131zland\u0131racakt\u0131r. National Grid\u2019e g\u00f6re, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n elektrik \u00fcretimi, karbon yakalama teknolojisini daha geli\u015fmi\u015f yenilenebilir enerji teknolojileri ile birle\u015ftirirse 2033 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar karbon negatif hale gelebilir.<\/p>\n

          National Grid Ventures Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Jon Butterworth, \u201cHumber b\u00f6lgesi, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck end\u00fcstriyel merkezini korumak, b\u00fcy\u00fctmek ve karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in e\u015fsiz bir potansiyel sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/em> Bu potansiyeli ortaya \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n anahtar\u0131; end\u00fcstriyel emisyonda rol\u00fc olan i\u015fletmeleri, karbon yakalama teknolojisini benimsemeye te\u015fvik edecek nakliye ve depolama altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sunmak olacakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/em> diyerek durumu a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \"\"<\/p>\n

          Kanada\u2019n\u0131n Alberta Karbon Ana Hatt\u0131 (ACTL),<\/strong> d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kapasiteli CO\u2082 hatt\u0131d\u0131r. ACTL y\u0131lda 14,6 milyon tona kadar CO\u2082 ta\u015f\u0131yabilir ve bu, \u201ct\u00fcm mevcut petroll\u00fc kum emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %20\u2019sine veya Alberta\u2019da 3 milyondan fazla arabadan \u00e7\u0131kan CO\u2082\u2019yi yakalaman\u0131n etkisine e\u015f de\u011ferdir.\u201d 240 km\u2019lik boru hatt\u0131 kapasitesinin neredeyse %90\u2019\u0131 gelecekteki CO\u2082 kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

          Karbon yakalama ancak \u015fimdi harekete ge\u00e7ersek \u00f6nemli bir etki yaratabilir<\/h2>\n

          Karbon yakalama tek ba\u015f\u0131na k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeyecektir. Yenilenebilir enerjiyi geni\u015fletmek<\/a>, end\u00fcstriyi ve enerjiyi karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmak<\/a> ;yeni mobilite sistemlerini uygulamaya koymak<\/a>, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek<\/a>; su sistemlerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek<\/a> ve \u015fehirlerimizi yeniden tasarlamak<\/a> gibi \u00f6nlemlerle sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ortak bir k\u00fcresel \u00e7aba gerekecektir. Bununla birlikte, \u00f6zellikle azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 zor emisyonlar i\u00e7in CCU\u2019nun geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 ve yenileme potansiyeli olmadan s\u0131f\u0131r karbon hedeflerinin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 hayal etmek zordur.<\/p>\n

          Teknoloji b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde mevcuttur ancak uzun vadeli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in sanayi, ticaret, devlet ve toplum aras\u0131nda en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde bir i\u015f birli\u011fi, koordinasyon ve ortakl\u0131k gereklidir.<\/p>\n

          Abdul Latif Jameel<\/a> yaln\u0131zca yenilenebilir enerji i\u015fimizde \u00f6nde gelen kurulu\u015fumuz olan Fotowatio Renewable Ventures<\/a> (FRV) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczgar enerjisi alan\u0131ndaki \u00f6nc\u00fc projelerimizle de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Almar Water Solutions<\/a> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla suya eri\u015fim sorununun da \u00fcstesinden gelmeye y\u00f6nelik h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131zla \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczde duran bu zorluklar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelme konusunda son derece kararl\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadele edilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Temiz, Yenilenebilir ve \u00c7evreci F\u0131rsatlar Birli\u011fi<\/a>\u2019nde <\/u>hem i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n hem de h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 bu y\u00f6nde harekete ge\u00e7irmelerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in di\u011fer \u00f6nde gelen k\u00fcresel \u00f6zel i\u015fletmelerle birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

          Karbon yakalama uzun vadeli bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmayabilir. Ancak sanayinin karbondan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndaki k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma hedeflerinin ula\u015f\u0131labilir kalmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik k\u0131sa vadeli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olabilir. H\u00fck\u00fcmet te\u015fvikleri ve \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde karbon yakalama \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin belli bir noktaya ula\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131rsa bu teknoloji, ye\u015fil enerji ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahip oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          [1]<\/a> https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/news\/2915\/the-atmosphere-getting-a-handle-on-carbon-dioxide\/<\/u><\/p>\n

          [2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/energy-technology-perspectives-2020<\/u><\/p>\n

          [3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions<\/u><\/p>\n

          [4]<\/a> How industry can move toward a low-carbon future<\/u>, McKinsey, Temmuz 2018<\/p>\n

          [5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/ccus-in-clean-energy-transitions\/a-new-era-for-ccus#growing-ccus-momentum<\/u><\/p>\n

          [6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/direct-air-capture-of-CO\u2082-is-suddenly-a-carbon-offset-option\/<\/u><\/p>\n

          [7]<\/a> The Role of CO2 Storage \u2013 Analysis – IEA<\/p>\n

          [8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/ccus-in-clean-energy-transitions\/a-new-era-for-ccus<\/u><\/p>\n

          [9]<\/a> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2020\/12\/1078612<\/u><\/p>\n

          [10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalccsinstitute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/45Q_Brief_in_template_LLB.pdf<\/u><\/p>\n

          [11]<\/a> https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/policies\/innovation-fund_en<\/u><\/p>\n

          [12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/commentaries\/is-carbon-capture-too-expensive<\/u><\/p>\n

          [13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/fuels-and-technologies\/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage<\/u><\/p>\n

          [14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.carbfix.com\/<\/u><\/p>\n

          [15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.american.edu\/sis\/centers\/carbon-removal\/fact-sheet-direct-air-capture.cfm<\/u><\/p>\n

          [16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.equinor.com\/en\/what-we-do\/northern-lights.html<\/u><\/p>\n

          [17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsenergybusiness.com\/news\/norwegian-longship-project\/<\/u><\/p>\n

          [18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.zerocarbonhumber.co.uk\/<\/u><\/p>\n

          [19]<\/a> https:\/\/actl.ca\/<\/u><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":94015,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nKarbon Yakalama ve Depolama | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0130nsanl\u0131k, CO2 sal\u0131m miktar\u0131yla d\u00fcnyada rakipsizdir. Karbon yakalama & depolama, daha k\u0131sa zaman alacak bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fru yan\u0131t olabilir mi? 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