{"id":101830,"date":"2022-09-01T06:30:10","date_gmt":"2022-09-01T06:30:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alj.com\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/underwater-mineral-mining-a-deepening-dilemma\/"},"modified":"2022-09-01T12:20:58","modified_gmt":"2022-09-01T12:20:58","slug":"underwater-mineral-mining-a-deepening-dilemma","status":"publish","type":"spotlight-fadyjameel","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/underwater-mineral-mining-a-deepening-dilemma\/","title":{"rendered":"Su alt\u0131 madencili\u011fi: Derinle\u015fen bir ikilem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hayat rahats\u0131z edici \u00e7eli\u015fkilerle doludur. Baz\u0131 ikilemler h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00fczeltmelerden ve kullan\u0131ma haz\u0131r \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerden daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Kritik minerallerin<\/a> tedari\u011fine y\u00f6nelik g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e artan ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ele alal\u0131m. Bu mineraller ger\u00e7ekten s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir gelece\u011fimizin olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak \u00f6nemli teknolojilerin \u00e7o\u011fu i\u00e7in gerekli olan nadir metalleri i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Bu konu hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nceki makalede<\/a> belirtti\u011fim gibi, mevcut kritik mineral tedariki Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131 hedeflerinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ve COP26\u2019da onaylanan net s\u0131f\u0131r emisyona h\u0131zl\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fi desteklemek i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, mevcut madenlerden ve in\u015faat halindeki projelerden beklenen lityum ve kobalt \u00fcretimi, 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar gereksinimlerimizin yaln\u0131zca yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacakt\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen bak\u0131r talebimizin %20\u2019si eksik kalacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlar olurken, pil yap\u0131m\u0131na kullan\u0131lan nikel gibi materyallerin ve nadir bulunan neodyum ve disprozyum gibi temel toprak elementlerinin tedarikinde de \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ya\u015fanabilir.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu mineraller i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015fekilde yeni kaynaklar bulmam\u0131z gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Bunda herhangi bir \u00e7eli\u015fki yok.<\/p>\n

Sorun \u015fu ki, kritik minerallerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck potansiyel kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri g\u00f6zlerimizin hemen \u00f6n\u00fcnde, gezegenimize hayat veren okyanuslar\u0131n i\u00e7inde. Ama bu hayat kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131, k\u0131sa vadede rahat etmek i\u00e7in ya\u011fmalamam\u0131z<\/em> gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

Denizlerimiz ve okyanuslar\u0131m\u0131z<\/a>, yeni ye\u015fil teknolojileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fumuz mineral t\u00fcrlerini bar\u0131nd\u0131ran do\u011fal kaynaklard\u0131r. Ve bu mineralleri \u00e7\u0131karmak \u00fczere derin deniz madencili\u011fi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rda bekleyen \u00e7ok say\u0131da taraf var. Ancak okyanuslar\u0131m\u0131z gezegenimizin en b\u00fcy\u00fck do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131ndan biridir. Ve ticari istismara kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde savunmas\u0131zd\u0131r. Dikkatli olmazsak, gezegenimizin en de\u011ferli do\u011fal ortamlar\u0131ndan birini yok ederek bir anda kendimizi onu kurtarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bulabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara bak\u0131n<\/h2>\n

Ger\u00e7eklere daha yak\u0131ndan bakmak, sorunu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmaya ve olas\u0131 stratejilere \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk olarak, kritik elementlere olan talebin neden bu kadar fazla oldu\u011funu ve bu kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131z. Net s\u0131f\u0131r emisyon hedefine giden yolculu\u011fumuzu destekleyen t\u00fcrbinlerin ve elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n manyetik bile\u015fenleri i\u00e7in baz\u0131 nadir toprak elementlerine (praseodimyum, neodim, terbiyum ve disprozyum vb.) ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var.<\/p>\n

R\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi gibi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir enerji teknolojilerine g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e daha fazla y\u00f6nelirken, \u00fcrettikleri g\u00fcc\u00fc depolamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni nesil pillere ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Bu y\u00fcksek performansl\u0131, uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc pillerin \u00fcretilebilmesi i\u00e7in lityum, nikel, kobalt, manganez ve grafit gibi elementler gerekir. Ayr\u0131ca, elektrik a\u011flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in bak\u0131r ve al\u00fcminyum gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da malzeme tedarikine ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var.<\/p>\n

Bu talepler olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta, mineral talebi y\u00fcksek olan bu teknolojiler i\u00e7in derin deniz, zengin kaynaklar sa\u011flayabilir gibi gelebilir. Abisal d\u00fczl\u00fckler (deniz yataklar\u0131) d\u00fcnya genelinde trilyonlarca de\u011ferli polimetalik bak\u0131r, nikel ve demir yumrusu i\u00e7erir. \u00c7ok eski zamanlardan kalma hidrotermal delikler s\u0131kl\u0131kla alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, kur\u015fun ve \u00e7inko bulunan s\u00fclf\u00fcr yataklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir. Denizalt\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 ise genellikle zengin kobalt y\u00fczey katmanlar\u0131na sahiptir. Ve orada \u00f6ylece duruyorlar. Okyanusta el de\u011fmemi\u015f bir \u015fekilde bekliyorlar.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok cazip, de\u011fil mi?<\/p>\n

\"\"
Okyanus zemini, elektrikli ara\u00e7 pillerini \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in gereken kritik mineraller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin polimetalik yumrularla kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Foto\u011fraf Sahibi \u00a9 NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu muhte\u015fem kaynaklar, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015fiddetli olu\u015fumunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen kozmik bombard\u0131man\u0131n meyveleridir. Bunlar\u0131, de\u011ferlendirmeden \u00f6ylece orada b\u0131rakmak, kula\u011fa son derece mant\u0131ks\u0131z geliyor.<\/p>\n

Oraya inip her yumruyu deniz taban\u0131ndan teker teker alabilseydik, ye\u015fil d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc desteklemek i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fumuz mineralleri s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir \u015fekilde tedarik edebilirdik.<\/p>\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki, okyanus s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, toplumumuz ve teknolojimiz, okyanusun derinliklerine hep mesafeli yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kara madencili\u011finden dersler \u00e7\u0131karmak<\/h2>\n

Sorun son derece a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: H\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda bu mineralleri hassas bir \u015fekilde ve daha da \u00f6nemlisi ciddi bir \u00e7evresel y\u0131k\u0131m olmadan derin denizden ekonomik olarak verimli \u015fekilde \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in yeterli teknolojik bilgi birikimine sahip de\u011filiz.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Nautilus Minerals Inc. taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen derin deniz madencili\u011fi makineleri. Foto\u011fraf sahibi: \u00a9 Nautilus Minerals<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bunun yerine, \u015fimdiye kadar nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 madde k\u00fctlesi aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck makinelerin deniz zeminini t\u0131rm\u0131kla tarad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve biyolojik olarak aktif y\u00fczey katman\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 yok etti\u011fi kaz\u0131ma y\u00f6ntemine bel ba\u011flad\u0131k. Fakat, bu y\u00f6ntem hassas olmaktan son derece uzakt\u0131r. Bu, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki de\u011ferli ta\u015flara ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in ya\u011fmur orman\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 yok etmek gibi bir durumdur.<\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcr bir faaliyet, hayal edilemez \u00f6l\u00e7ekte fiziksel bir y\u0131k\u0131ma neden olmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda su alt\u0131 g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc kirlili\u011fine neden olarak deniz dibinin \u00fcst katmanlar\u0131ndaki deniz ya\u015fam\u0131na daha sinsi bir \u015fekilde etki eder.<\/p>\n

\u0130svi\u00e7reli deniz yaban hayat\u0131n\u0131 koruma grubu OceanCare\u2019in bir raporu,[2]<\/a> derin deniz madencili\u011fi faaliyetlerinin, deniz ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczeyden deniz yata\u011f\u0131na kadar etkileyebilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. Derin denizdeki canl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri, yiyeceklerin yerini tespit etmek i\u00e7in do\u011fal seslerden yararland\u0131klar\u0131ndan ve yak\u0131n mesafede insan kaynakl\u0131 g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcye al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan bilhassa etkiye a\u00e7\u0131k olacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok derin deniz canl\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc de sesil karakterlidir, yani ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 deniz yata\u011f\u0131na veya kaya olu\u015fumu gibi ba\u015fka bir nesneye yap\u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, derin deniz madencili\u011fi faaliyetlerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcden (titre\u015fim\/bas\u0131n\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131) ka\u00e7amazlar. Bu rapora g\u00f6re balina, yunus ve kaplumba\u011falar gibi g\u00f6\u00e7men t\u00fcrler bile, beslenmek veya \u00fcremek i\u00e7in k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine maden b\u00f6lgesinden ge\u00e7erken bile bundan etkilenebilir.<\/p>\n

Bal\u0131klar, kabuklular ve deniz yataklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan bitkiler i\u00e7in son derece vahim sonu\u00e7lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Deniz taban\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde taranmas\u0131, oradaki ya\u015fam\u0131 yok edecektir. Ekosistem geri d\u00f6n\u00fclemez \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirecektir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Sorumlulu\u011fumuz alt\u0131ndaki bu ekosistemi yeterince ciddiye alm\u0131yoruz. Derin deniz bizim i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 bir ortam olabilir. Ger\u00e7ekten de derin deniz ke\u015ffi, medya odakl\u0131 kolektif bilincimizde uzay ke\u015ffinden muhtemelen daha az bir yer kapl\u0131yor. Ancak be\u015feri faaliyetlerin ve bek\u00e2n\u0131n merkezindedir. H\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda \u0131s\u0131nmaya devam eden gezegenimizde olu\u015fan \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 emer, karbonu hapsederek iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini yava\u015flat\u0131r, deniz ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki bereketi destekler, besinleri geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr ve \u2018derin karbon d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn\u2019 b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 tektonik plakalar\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi noktada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 y\u00fcz milyonlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi sessiz ve verimli bir \u015fekilde yapmaya devam eder. Ta ki, biz m\u00fcdahale edene kadar.<\/p>\n

\n

Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k The Guardian<\/em> gazetesi \u201cDerinliklerin narin ve kadim canl\u0131lar\u0131 olan kum kurdu, deniz h\u0131yar\u0131, mercan ve m\u00fcrekkep bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi canl\u0131lar deniz taban\u0131n\u0131n taranmas\u0131 nedeniyle yok olacakt\u0131r. Toksik metaller i\u00e7eren \u00e7\u00f6kelti h\u00fczmeleri yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru spiral \u015feklinde yay\u0131larak denizdeki g\u0131da zincirlerini zehirleyecektir<\/em>.\u201d ifadesine yer vermi\u015ftir.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Tarama makinelerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7amurlu bulutlarda bo\u011fulan ve g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc kirlili\u011fiyle \u201csa\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan\u201d deniz canl\u0131lar\u0131 n\u00fcfusunun toparlanmas\u0131, hayatta kalsalar bile, y\u00fczy\u0131llar alabilir.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015fkusuz, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kara madencili\u011fi alan\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7mi\u015fi g\u00fcvenebilece\u011fimiz bir g\u00f6sterge ise okyanuslar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n korunmas\u0131 konusunda endi\u015fe duyan insanlar panik ya\u015famakta hakl\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Karada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve de\u011ferli metal \u00e7\u0131karma faaliyetleri uzun zamand\u0131r \u00e7evreye zarar vererek biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin azalmas\u0131, su yollar\u0131n\u0131n tahrip olmas\u0131, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc kayb\u0131, kirlilik ve toprak erozyonu gibi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Madencili\u011fin y\u0131ll\u0131k olarak t\u00fcm sera gazlar\u0131n\u0131n %4 ila %7\u2019sine veya 1,9 gt ila 5,1 gt CO2<\/sub>\u2019ye e\u015f de\u011fer emisyona neden oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir.[4]<\/sup><\/a> Demir gibi nispeten yayg\u0131n bir mineral bile, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kilogram ba\u015f\u0131na 2 kg sera gaz\u0131 \u00fcreterek, y\u00fcksek bir \u00e7evresel fatura do\u011furur.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, arazi madencili\u011fi ge\u00e7mi\u015fimize bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda k\u0131sa vadeli hedefleri insanlar\u0131n ve gezegenin \u00fczerinde tutan k\u00e2r h\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131n ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 verimsizli\u011fin hakim oldu\u011fu bir tablo ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ancak \u015fimdi, ilk hasar\u0131n \u00fczerinden uzun bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7tikten sonra, \u00e7evresel etkileri anlamak ve \u00e7evreyi koruyabilecek veya yenileyebilecek hafifletici teknolojiler ve teknikler geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ad\u0131mlar atmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerini \u00f6nlemekten uzak bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla okyanuslar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n benzer \u015fekilde s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine izin vermek, sorunlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirebilir ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Yery\u00fcz\u00fc yara al\u0131yor: gezegenin kabu\u011funu hayal edilemez bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte yaran a\u00e7\u0131k maden oca\u011f\u0131 (burada demir cevheri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmakta). Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften \u00e7evre konusunda ne t\u00fcr dersler ald\u0131k?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kritik minerallere olan talebin artmas\u0131<\/h2>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n kritik minerallere olan talebinin zamanla azalmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemeyin, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tam tersi olacak.<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar geleneksel fosil yak\u0131t alternatiflerinden \u00e7ok daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olsa da, r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi tesislerini in\u015fa etmek ve i\u015fletmek i\u00e7in standart gazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tesislere g\u00f6re %200 ila %300 daha fazla metale ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.[6]<\/a> B\u00f6yle olunca da, bir birim enerji \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in gereken mineral miktar\u0131, fosil yak\u0131tla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tesislerinin sekt\u00f6re hakim oldu\u011fu 2010 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

Elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n (EV’ler) ve pillerin kullan\u0131m\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f, 2040 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 40 kata kadar daha fazla lityuma, 20-25 kata kadar daha fazla grafite, kobalta ve nikele ve \u015fu anda t\u00fcketti\u011fimizden iki kat daha fazla bak\u0131ra ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z olabilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten de, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki yirmi y\u0131l i\u00e7inde iklim hedeflerimize ula\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacak olan temiz enerji, k\u00fcresel lityum talebinin %90\u2019\u0131n\u0131, nikel ve kobalt talebinin %60-70\u2019ini ve bak\u0131r ve nadir toprak elementleri talebinin %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Deniz zeminleri, hidrotermal bacalar ve su alt\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 bu t\u00fcr minerallerden olu\u015fan do\u011fal bir hazineye sahiptir. Dahas\u0131 bu mineraller, her bir ayr\u0131 element i\u00e7in genellikle ayr\u0131 madenlere ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan herhangi bir kurak arazi ekosisteminden \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7e\u015fitlilikte ve co\u011frafi yak\u0131nl\u0131kta olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki mineral \u00e7\u0131karma potansiyelini ke\u015ffetmek i\u00e7in derin denizlerde ke\u015fif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor olmas\u0131 pek de \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Derin deniz madencili\u011fi \u2013 dibe do\u011fru bir yar\u0131\u015f m\u0131?<\/h2>\n

Ulusal sularda madencilik s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda bu yar\u0131\u015fta h\u0131z\u0131 belirleyen \u00fclke Japonya\u2019d\u0131r. Devlete ait madencilik \u015firketi JOGMEC,<\/a> 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda Okinawa yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki 1.600 m derinli\u011findeki bir hidrotermal baca tesisinden ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7inko \u00e7\u0131kararak k\u0131sa ve orta vadede ticari k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ek bir olas\u0131l\u0131k oldu\u011funu ortaya koydu.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"167 ayr\u0131 \u00fcye \u00fclkeyi ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi’ni kapsayan, BM\u2019nin kurucusu oldu\u011fu Uluslararas\u0131 Denizcilik Otoritesi (ISA<\/a>) t\u00fcm bu \u00fclkeler ad\u0131na ulusal sular\u0131n \u00f6tesindeki uluslararas\u0131 sular\u0131 y\u00f6netmekle sorumludur.<\/p>\n

Talimatlar\u0131ndan biri de deniz ortam\u0131n\u0131, derin deniz madencili\u011finin potansiyel zararl\u0131 etkilerinden korumaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakt\u0131r. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana, derin deniz madencili\u011finin t\u00fcm insanlara fayda sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleyici \u00e7er\u00e7eve geli\u015ftiriyor, ancak k\u00fcresel COVID-19 pandemisi bu ilerlemeyi sekteye u\u011fratt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131rada ISA, uluslararas\u0131 madencilik \u015firketlerinin Pasifik, Hint ve Orta Atlantik okyanuslar\u0131ndaki sahalar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda ge\u00e7erli 31 ke\u015fif lisans\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Bunlardan be\u015fi, tek ba\u015f\u0131na di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerden daha fazla maden i\u015fletme hakk\u0131na sahip olan \u00c7in\u2019e verilmi\u015ftir. Bu, \u00c7in\u2019in art\u0131k ulusal yarg\u0131 yetki alan\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgelerde kobalt, nikel, bak\u0131r ve di\u011fer de\u011ferli mineraller i\u00e7in 238.000 kilometrekarelik (neredeyse Yeni Zelanda b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde) derin denizi ke\u015ffetme ve potansiyel olarak ticarile\u015ftirme hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. Deniz taban\u0131ndaki yar\u0131\u015ftaki di\u011fer \u00f6nemli oyuncular aras\u0131nda Japonya, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Almanya, Fransa, Kore ve Rusya bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en zengin b\u00f6lgelerden biri, Do\u011fu Orta Pasifik\u2019teki Clarion Clipperton B\u00f6lgesi\u2019dir ve 6 milyon km2<\/sup>\u2019lik bir alan i\u00e7inde karadaki bilinen t\u00fcm rezervlerden alt\u0131 kata kadar daha fazla kobalt i\u00e7erdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Derin deniz madencili\u011finin ticarile\u015ftirilmesi, baz\u0131 tahminlere g\u00f6re 2024 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ba\u015flayabilir. Bu tarih, Pasifik Adas\u0131 Nauru ad\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan y\u00fcklenicilerin Nauru sular\u0131nda yumrular\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n beklendi\u011fi tarihtir. Pasifik\u2019in ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerindeki Kiribati ve Tonga i\u00e7in de benzer operasyonlar planlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, etkileri tam olarak anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin t\u00fcm derin deniz madencili\u011fi faaliyetlerinin ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmesine neden olmu\u015ftur, ancak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar on y\u0131llar s\u00fcrebilir.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"
BM Okyanus Konferans\u0131 2022\u2019nin ilk g\u00fcn\u00fcnde BM Genel Sekreteri Ant\u00f3nio Guterres, deniz seviyesindeki art\u0131\u015ftan okyanuslar\u0131n asitle\u015fmesine ve plastik kirlili\u011fine kadar gezegenimizin pek \u00e7ok \u201cokyanus acil durumu\u201d ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Foto\u011fraf sahibi \u00a9 Tiago Petinga<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Muhalifler birle\u015fiyor. Bu y\u0131lki BM Okyanus Konferans\u0131<\/a>\u2019nda Portekizli bilim insanlar\u0131, \u00e7evreciler ve sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, derin deniz madencili\u011fine y\u00f6nelik itirazlar\u0131n\u0131 resmiyete d\u00f6kmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirdi.[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Konferansta konu\u015fan Fiji Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Frank Bainimarama, derin deniz madencili\u011finin ilerlemesine izin verilirse \u201cge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren derin deniz ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fclemez \u015fekilde yok edilece\u011fini ve bu durumun ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131 okyanusa ba\u011fl\u0131 olan insanlar\u0131 etkileyece\u011fini<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u015eili, derin deniz madencili\u011fine izin veren d\u00fczenlemelerde 15 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir erteleme \u00f6nerdi ve d\u00fcnya genelinden 146 kanun yap\u0131c\u0131, Derin Deniz Madencili\u011finde Erteleme \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in K\u00fcresel Parlamento Beyannamesini imzalad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Umar\u0131m \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fa konusunda umursamaz davran\u0131rsak, hangi f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131raca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kim bilebilir? Sadece son 20 y\u0131lda, su alt\u0131nda binlerce yeni canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Bu egzotik t\u00fcrlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 bize \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen \u015fekillerde yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyor.<\/p>\n

Bir \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse, bakteriyel diren\u00e7 d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir sorundur. Baz\u0131 s\u00fcngerlerde ya\u015fayan bakteriler, bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n yeni antibiyotikler \u00fcretmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilecek antimikrobiyal bile\u015fikler \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Yumrulara ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u00fcnger saplar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan, Cnidaria familyas\u0131ndaki yeni bir t\u00fcr olan Relicanthus sp., Clarion-Clipperton K\u0131r\u0131k B\u00f6lgesinde (CCZ) 4.100 metrede bulunmu\u015ftur. Foto\u011fraf Sahibi \u00a9 Craig Smith ve Diva Amon, ABYSSLINE Project \/ NOAA.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\"\"
Profes\u00f6r Craig Smith, O\u015finografi Profes\u00f6r\u00fc
\nFoto\u011fraf Sahibi \u00a9 M\u0101noa\u2019daki University of Hawaii<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

Dikkatsizce ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen derin deniz madencili\u011fi, daha hen\u00fcz ke\u015ffedilmeden yeni t\u00fcrlerin yok olmas\u0131na sebep olarak, bizi gelecekteki salg\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 korumak dahil do\u011fal faydalar\u0131ndan sonsuza kadar mahrum kalmam\u0131za neden olacak bir tehdittir.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hawaii \u00dcniversitesi o\u015finografi profes\u00f6r\u00fc Profes\u00f6r Craig Smith\u2019in de uyard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi:<\/p>\n

\u201cDerin deniz madencili\u011fi, etki alan\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tek ba\u015f\u0131na gezegendeki herhangi bir insan faaliyetine k\u0131yasla en b\u00fcy\u00fck ayak izine sahip olabilir.\u201d<\/em>[13]<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Bence . . . daha iyi bir yol olmal\u0131!<\/p>\n

Derin denizlerin talan edilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 bir dizi alternatif<\/h2>\n

Nadir ve \u00e7evresel etkileri olan minerallere y\u00f6nelik s\u00fcrekli artan talebimizi kar\u015f\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak yerine, bunlara olan ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 azaltsak nas\u0131l olur?<\/p>\n

Metallerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve alternatif ye\u015fil teknolojilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya de\u011fer iki yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, kullan\u0131m \u00f6mr\u00fc dolmu\u015f EV pillerinden de\u011ferli metallerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na ve yeni pillerin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde yeniden kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131yacakt\u0131r. Bu teknik, baz\u0131 tahminlere g\u00f6re, 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bu minerallere olan talebimizin %35 ila %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilir.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Sadece piller de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda metal bile\u015fenleri se\u00e7ici olarak geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilen disk s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri, devre kartlar\u0131 ve hatta floresan lambalar, s\u0131f\u0131rdan \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131z gereken indiyum, sitriyum, neodimyum, kobalt ve lityuma olan talebi azalt\u0131r.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kobalt, manganez, nikel ve bak\u0131r gibi metallere olan ihtiyac\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rarak alternatif pil teknolojilerini ara\u015ft\u0131ran ba\u015fka ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar da vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, LFP\u2019yi katot olarak ve grafik karbon elektrodunu anot olarak kullanan lityum demir fosfat (LFP) pillerin geli\u015ftirilmesinde ilerleme kaydediliyor.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, LFP pillerinin benzer NMC (nikel, manganez ve kobalt) pillere k\u0131yasla yakla\u015f\u0131k %6 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli oldu\u011fu ve \u015farj d\u00f6ng\u00fcleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan %67 daha uzun dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

Pasifik\u2019te derin deniz maden sahalar\u0131n\u0131n ticarile\u015fmesine kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan g\u00fc\u00e7 birli\u011fi ve ufuktaki alternatif teknolojiler nedeniyle su alt\u0131 madencili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 art\u0131yor. Peki bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ba\u015fka ne yapabiliriz?<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re daha iyi bir yol var…<\/h2>\n

Okyanus zeminlerimizi mineral elde etmek i\u00e7in umursamaz bir \u015fekilde tarayarak t\u00fcm canl\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 yok etmememiz gerekiyorsa, bunun yerine ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131z?<\/p>\n

Jameel Investment Management Company\u2019nin (JIMCO<\/a>) yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu ABD merkezli startup \u015firketi Lilac Solutions<\/a>, bu t\u00fcr sorunlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in imkanlar dahilindeki y\u00f6ntemlere y\u00f6nelik bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunuyor.<\/p>\n

Lilac<\/a>, \u00f6zellikle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n lityum rezervlerinin \u00e7o\u011funun do\u011fal tuzlu su (deniz suyu) tortular\u0131ndan elde edildi\u011fini, ancak lityumu tuzlu sudan ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00e7evreye zarar veren buharla\u015fma havuzlar\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair a\u00e7maz\u0131 fark etti. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak Lilac bu buharla\u015fma havuzlar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan tuzlu sudan lityum \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in yeni bir \u2018iyon d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme\u2019 teknolojisi geli\u015ftirdi. Bu y\u00f6ntem, geri kazan\u0131m\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131rken ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcksek safl\u0131kta bir \u00fcr\u00fcn elde edilmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yor ve g\u00f6rece olarak daha az \u00e7evresel etki yarat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor? Lilac\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel iyon d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme boncuklar\u0131, su tanklar\u0131ndan akan tuzlu sudan lityumu emer. Daha sonra, boncuklardaki lityumu \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in hidroklorik asit eklenir ve sonu\u00e7 olarak piller i\u00e7in uygun lityum karbonat veya lityum hidroksite d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilen lityum klor\u00fcr elde edilir. Eskiden iki y\u0131l s\u00fcren lityum \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemi, bu y\u00f6ntemle art\u0131k iki saatte tamamlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u0130yon d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme y\u00f6ntemi daha \u00f6nce su ar\u0131tma programlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak nadir elementler alan\u0131nda hi\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Buna benzer teknolojileri daha geni\u015f bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte kullan\u0131ma sunabilirsek, t\u00fcm biyolojik aktivitenin \u201ctaranarak yok edilmesi\u201d yerine deniz yataklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kendi ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi arg\u00fcman\u0131 daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilecektir. Aksi takdirde, gelecek nesilleri, ekosistemimizin en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fczenleyicilerinden biri olan okyanuslar\u0131n sundu\u011fu besinlerin bollu\u011fundan mahrum kalm\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fcnyada ya\u015famaya mahkum etmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Kurtulu\u015f: K\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerden uzaya uzanan ke\u015fifler<\/h2>\n

Oyunun kurallar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131yan ba\u015fka bir ke\u015fif de ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n Avustralya\u2019daki bak\u0131r madeni at\u0131klar\u0131ndan kobalt a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin tortular\u0131 geri kazand\u0131klar\u0131 Avustralya k\u0131rsal\u0131ndan geliyor. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen testler, bu at\u0131klar\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi kobalt miktar\u0131n\u0131n gezegenin \u00fcst tabakas\u0131nda bulunandan 200 kat daha fazla oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. \u015eimdi, jeologlardan olu\u015fan ekipler, ne kadar kobalt \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilece\u011fini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in \u00fclke genelindeki di\u011fer maden at\u0131k \u00f6rneklerini inceliyor.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu ke\u015fif bir g\u00f6sterge ise, belki de hep yanl\u0131\u015f yere bak\u0131yorduk ve en kolay \u015fekilde eri\u015febilece\u011fimiz hayati mineral kaynaklar\u0131 bize dipsiz derinliklerden daha yak\u0131n.<\/p>\n

Alternatif olarak, yeralt\u0131n\u0131n karanl\u0131klar\u0131na bakmak yerine, belki de g\u00f6zlerimizi g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne de \u00e7evirebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Asteroit madencili\u011fi nedir? Bilim kurgu filmlerinin ger\u00e7ek bir bilimsel faaliyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi ne kadar s\u00fcrer? G\u00f6rselin sahibi \u00a9 Factor-Tech Magazine.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f sistemimizde y\u00f6r\u00fcngeleri \u00fczerinde d\u00f6nen asteroitler, %8 oran\u0131nda metal a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin k\u00fctleler ve %75 oran\u0131nda u\u00e7ucu karbon a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin k\u00fctleler i\u00e7erir. Bu astreoitlerin y\u00fczeyinde e\u015fit olarak da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f daha yo\u011fun metaller, platin grubu mineraller ve nadir toprak elementleri bulunmaktad\u0131r, yani g\u00f6rece olarak daha s\u0131\u011f derinliklerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilirler. Tabii bunun i\u00e7in ilk olarak asteroitlerin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele alma ile ilgili sorunlar\u0131 a\u015fmam\u0131z laz\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Gerekli teknoloji \u015fu an geli\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r, fakat h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda birka\u00e7 \u015firket \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ediyor. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda Peter Diamandis, Chris Lewicki ve di\u011ferleri taraf\u0131ndan Washington\u2019da kurulan (ve daha sonra ConsenSys taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nan) Planetary Resources ve uzay giri\u015fimcisi Rick Tumlinson\u2019un da kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu, Silikon Vadisinde 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Deep Space Industries (daha sonra Bradford Space taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nan) yer al\u0131yor.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

Daha yak\u0131n bir tarihte, Kaliforniyal\u0131 startup \u015firketi AstroForge<\/a> 13 milyon ABD Dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131ndaki tohum a\u015famas\u0131 finansman\u0131yla Ocak 2022\u2019de piyasadaki yerini ald\u0131. Bu \u015firket, derin uzayda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f materyallerin i\u015flenmesi i\u00e7in laboratuvarda test edilmi\u015f teknolojilere sahiptir. Gelecekte bir SpaceX u\u00e7u\u015fuyla ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131 uzay y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde denemesi bekleniyor.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7abalar iyi bir k\u00e2r pay\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, 500 tonluk bir asteroidi kontrol alt\u0131na alman\u0131n ve onu al\u00e7aktaki bir D\u00fcnya y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine yerle\u015ftirmenin yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,6 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na mal olaca\u011f\u0131, ancak 30 metrelik bir asteroidin sadece platin kaynaklar\u0131 ile 50 milyar ABD dolara kadar bir getiri sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bunlar, insanlar\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekebilecek rakamlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan biyolojik yok olu\u015f i\u00e7in zaman daral\u0131yor<\/h2>\n

Hi\u00e7 kimse, modern ya\u015fam\u0131n temelinde yer alan cep telefonlar\u0131, piller, ye\u015fil enerji, mikro\u00e7ipler ve daha pek \u00e7ok bir dizi teknoloji i\u00e7in gerekli kritik minerallerin \u00f6nemini inkar etmez. Buradaki zorluk, bunlar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az \u00e7evresel y\u0131k\u0131ma neden olacak \u015fekilde elde etmektir.<\/p>\n

Derin deniz madencili\u011finde \u0131srar ederek bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131n\u0131 tahrip etmeden ve t\u00fcm ekosistemi y\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce, bulundu\u011fumuz pozisyonda yeterli bilgiye sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ve \u2018beklememiz\u2019 gerekti\u011finin fark\u0131nda olmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Daha fazla bilgiye ve daha fazla i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fcye ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var, aksi takdirde kara madencili\u011finde ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan hatalar\u0131 tekrarlama ve deniz ya\u015fam\u0131nda geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmayan bozulmalara neden olma riskini alm\u0131\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n

Ard\u0131nda bir kaos b\u0131rakan kaz\u0131ma y\u00f6ntemiyle deniz yataklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 taramak \u00e7ok kolay gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir, ancak verilen hasar\u0131 onarmak \u00e7ok daha zor olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions<\/a>, IEA, May\u0131s 2021<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.oceancare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/DeepSeaMining_a-noisy-affair_report_OceanCare_2021.pdf<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/aug\/29\/is-deep-sea-mining-a-cure-for-the-climate-crisis-or-a-curse<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/sustainability\/our-insights\/climate-risk-and-decarbonization-what-every-mining-ceo-needs-to-know<\/a><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/earth.org\/environmental-problems-caused-by-mining\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/metals-and-mining\/our-insights\/the-raw-materials-challenge-how-the-metals-and-mining-sector-will-be-at-the-core-of-enabling-the-energy-transition<\/a><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions<\/a><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569120301526<\/a><\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7HoVwJH-_so<\/a><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/proposed-deep-sea-mining-would-kill-animals-not-yet-discovered<\/a><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/globalvoices.org\/2022\/07\/05\/the-tide-is-rising-against-deep-sea-mining\/<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2021\/sep\/29\/covid-tests-and-superbugs-how-the-deep-sea-could-help-us-fight-pandemics<\/a><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.boldbusiness.com\/energy\/blue-economy-impact-deep-seabed-mining-ocean-minerals\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/aug\/29\/is-deep-sea-mining-a-cure-for-the-climate-crisis-or-a-curse<\/a><\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2021\/may\/10\/recycling-rare-metals-climate-green-technology<\/a><\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/file\/Final%20-%20ESGC%20Cost%20Performance%20Report%2012-11-2020.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d142bb46-1bc0-49bd-8005-0833497b84e0<\/a><\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/web.mit.edu\/12.000\/www\/m2016\/finalwebsite\/solutions\/asteroids.html<\/a><\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.space.com\/asteroid-mining-startup-astroforge-2023-launch<\/a><\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/web.mit.edu\/12.000\/www\/m2016\/finalwebsite\/solutions\/asteroids.html<\/a><\/p>\n

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