{"id":107576,"date":"2023-04-12T11:06:54","date_gmt":"2023-04-12T11:06:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alj.com\/?post_type=spotlight-fadyjameel&p=107576"},"modified":"2023-07-05T10:57:09","modified_gmt":"2023-07-05T10:57:09","slug":"gelecek-icin-ciftcilik","status":"publish","type":"spotlight-fadyjameel","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/gelecek-icin-ciftcilik\/","title":{"rendered":"Gelecek i\u00e7in \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u0131da ve bu g\u0131dan\u0131n g\u00fcvenilir ve bol miktarda tedarikinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, hem devletlerin hem de gezegenimizin ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fiyle ilgilenen herkesin en \u00f6nemli endi\u015felerinden biri haline geliyor. Bu nedenle, s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde kendisini yok etmeden talebi kar\u015f\u0131layabilen \u201cs\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m\u201d kavram\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir \u015fekilde cazip geliyor.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f, veba ve k\u0131tl\u0131k, \u201cMah\u015ferin D\u00f6rt Atl\u0131s\u0131\u201dndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc ancak bunlar\u0131 defetme konusunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131ym\u0131\u015f\u0131z gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. \u00d6yle ki 2011 senesinde ayd\u0131n, tarih\u00e7i, tarih profes\u00f6r\u00fc ve yazar Yuval Harari \u015f\u00f6yle bir beyanda bulunabilmi\u015fti: \u201cD\u00fcnyada art\u0131k do\u011fal k\u0131tl\u0131k yok, sadece politik k\u0131tl\u0131klar var[1]<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki Ukrayna\u2019daki son olaylar ve COVID-19 pandemisi birle\u015ferek bize tedarik zincirinin dokunulmaz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatt\u0131. Ukrayna ve Rusya, k\u00fcresel bu\u011fday ihracat\u0131n\u0131n %29\u2019unu ve ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n %62\u2019sini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor[2]<\/a>. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n g\u0131da ihracat\u0131 400 milyon insan\u0131 besliyor[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"BM D\u00fcnya G\u0131da Program\u0131 Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/a> David Beasley, Eyl\u00fcl 2022\u2019de BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019ne Ukrayna\u2019daki sava\u015f\u0131n, 82 \u00fclkede 345 milyona kadar insan\u0131 \u201ca\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru iten\u201d, \u201cbenzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f\u201d bir k\u00fcresel acil durum oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Bu esas olarak daha yoksul \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in bir sorun olsa da kimse bu duruma kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalamaz.<\/p>\n

Mevcut durumda Orta Do\u011fu ve Kuzey Afrika (MENA) \u00fclkeleri, g\u0131dalar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ithal ediyor ve K\u00f6rfez Arap \u00dclkeleri \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Konseyi (K\u0130K) \u00fclkelerinde ise bu de\u011fer %90 gibi \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir rakama ula\u015f\u0131yor[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Eski bir sorun…<\/h2>\n

Tahminler, bu durumun daha iyiye gitmek yerine daha k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde. Bunun sebebi k\u0131smi olarak iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi olsa da esas fakt\u00f6r, artan d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu tahmine g\u00f6re d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 9,7 milyara ula\u015fmas\u0131 bekleniyor[5]<\/a>. Bu, b\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir n\u00fcfusun taleplerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in g\u0131da \u00fcretiminin %70 oran\u0131nda artmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor. Ancak bu yeni bir olgu de\u011fil: 1798 y\u0131l\u0131nda Thomas Malthus, g\u0131da \u00fcretimi aritmetik olarak artarken insan n\u00fcfusu geometrik olarak artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun, kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 geride b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015fti. Malthus\u2019un ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tahminler birka\u00e7 fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn bir araya gelmesiyle \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu fakt\u00f6rler aras\u0131nda Orta Bat\u0131 Amerika\u2019daki \u00e7ay\u0131rlar gibi ekilebilir arazilerin miktar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f, g\u0131da \u00fcretimini art\u0131ran end\u00fcstrile\u015fmi\u015f tar\u0131m teknikleri ve yapay g\u00fcbrelerin geli\u015ftirilmesi bulunuyordu. Fakat bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri bug\u00fcn bize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olam\u0131yor. Zira g\u0131da \u00fcretimini art\u0131ran ara\u00e7lar\u0131n her birinin istenmeyen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin g\u00fcbreyi ele alal\u0131m. Amonyum nitrat, yani NH3<\/sub>, t\u00fcm yapay g\u00fcbreler i\u00e7in temel bile\u015fen. O olmasayd\u0131 d\u00fcnyadaki hasat miktar\u0131n\u0131n %30 ila %50\u2019si olmazd\u0131.[6]<\/a> Amonyum nitrat, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Alman kimyager Fritz Haber ve Alman kimya firmas\u0131 BASF\u2019taki Carl Bosch taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen Haber-Bosch i\u015flemi ile nitrojenin sabitlenmesi yoluyla \u00fcretilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

G\u00fcbre kullan\u0131m\u0131 k\u0131sa vadede mahsul verimini ve tar\u0131msal verimlili\u011fi art\u0131rabilir. Ancak uzun vadede a\u011f\u0131r ve genellikle fark edilmeyen bir maliyeti vard\u0131r. Bitkiler taraf\u0131ndan emilmeyen nitrojen topra\u011f\u0131 asitle\u015ftirir ve kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir, potansiyel olarak nitrat iyonu olarak akan suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr ve akarsular ve nehirler boyunca denize ilerler veya karbondioksitten 300 kat daha zararl\u0131 bir sera gaz\u0131 olan azot oksit olarak atmosfere geri d\u00f6ner[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Yapay g\u00fcbrenin beklenmedik bir ba\u015fka sonucu da biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilikte ani bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe neden olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 bitkiler azot kullanmada di\u011fer t\u00fcrlere g\u00f6re daha iyidir ve do\u011fada di\u011fer t\u00fcrlere \u00fcst\u00fcn gelir. Bu, b\u00fcy\u00fck tar\u0131msal havzalar\u0131 tahliye eden nehirlerin denize akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fc b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. \u00c7iftlik arazilerinden gelen sudaki nitrojen ve fosfor, baz\u0131 alg t\u00fcrlerinin \u00e7ok fazla \u00fcremesine neden olur ve algler, sudaki t\u00fcm oksijeni ve alglerin kendisi de dahil olmak \u00fczere her \u015feyi kullan\u0131p bitirdikten sonra \u00f6l\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilikten gelip denize akan nitrojen yakla\u015f\u0131k %50 oran\u0131nda artarken bu \u00f6l\u00fc b\u00f6lgeler on kat daha yayg\u0131n hale geldi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Di\u011fer bir maliyet de \u00fcretilen g\u0131dan\u0131n kalitesinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi. Konvansiyonel g\u00fcbre esasl\u0131 tar\u0131m, topra\u011f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde besleyici bitkiler yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu temel minerallerle beslemez. Bunun yerine kurakl\u0131\u011fa, hastal\u0131klara ve zararl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 son derece hassas olan bitkiler \u00fcretir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m topra\u011f\u0131n beslenmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verir ve sonu\u00e7ta daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bitkiler ve hayvanlar elde edilir. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m, do\u011fal g\u00fcbre ve bitki rotasyonu kullanarak \u00e7iftlikteki hayvan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131rken topraklar\u0131n insanlara, hayvanlara ve tozlay\u0131c\u0131lara zarar verebilecek toksik bile\u015fiklerden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 topraklardaki bitkiler, dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flayan gerekli minerallere sahip olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in zararl\u0131lar\u0131n ve hastal\u0131klar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na dayanabilirler[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik \u00fczerindeki etki<\/h2>\n

    End\u00fcstriyel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte yap\u0131lan \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de onu sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n ana kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri yapan, \u00f6zellikle fosil yak\u0131tlar olmak \u00fczere enerji yo\u011fun makinelere olan y\u00fcksek ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fal olarak, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m bunun tam tersini yapar ve \u00fcretimin her seviyesinde enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Sadece daha az enerji yo\u011fun tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 benimsemekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda ak\u0131ll\u0131 tar\u0131m sistemlerini de benimser. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m, fosil yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak ve enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak, sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur ve b\u00f6ylece iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadelede \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. Haziran 2021 tarihli bir BM \u00c7evre Program\u0131 (UNEP) raporuna g\u00f6re s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m, \u00fcretilen mahsul birimi ba\u015f\u0131na %56\u2019ya kadar daha az enerji kullan\u0131r ve hektar ba\u015f\u0131na %64 daha az sera gaz\u0131 yayar[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Tek bir bitki cinsi ile geni\u015f arazilerin ekilmesini i\u00e7eren bir \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik sistemi olan \u201cmonok\u00fclt\u00fcr\u201d, end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m\u0131n tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerinden biri. Son 100 y\u0131lda, bitki \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin %90\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 ortadan kayboldu ve bug\u00fcn, toplam mahsul \u00fcretiminin %66\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca dokuz bitki t\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015fturuyor[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    \"\"Tek bir bitki t\u00fcr\u00fcne a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcvenmek, bitkilerin hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 zafiyetini art\u0131r\u0131r ve bu da bir bitkiden di\u011ferine h\u0131zla yay\u0131labilir ve t\u00fcm bitkiyi yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden silebilir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk tar\u0131m felaketi olarak kabul edilen 1840\u2019lar\u0131n Avrupa \u201cpatates k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d bunun ne kadar korkun\u00e7 boyutlara ula\u015fabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

    Yedi\u011fimiz patatesler Peru\u2019dan gelir[11]<\/a> ve tipik bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7iftlikte 73\u2019e kadar patates \u00e7e\u015fidi bulunabilir.<\/p>\n

    Ancak Avrupa\u2019da verimlilik i\u00e7in sadece \u00fc\u00e7 veya d\u00f6rt \u00e7e\u015fit ekildi. Patates hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise t\u00fcm patates mahsul\u00fcn\u00fc mahvetti \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcm patatesler ayn\u0131 olmasa da genetik olarak benzerdi. En k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015fekilde etkilenen \u00fclke, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc n\u00fcfusu 1840\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara g\u00f6re hala daha az olan ve milyonlarca ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 etti\u011fi \u0130rlanda\u2019yd\u0131[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Patateslerin yeti\u015ftirilmesi, konvansiyonel tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 temel \u00f6zelli\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor: genetik olarak tektip bitkiler, yo\u011fun g\u00fcbre kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve pestisitler. Pestisitler ilk olarak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ABD\u2019deki mahsulleri silip s\u00fcp\u00fcren Colorado patates b\u00f6ce\u011fi s\u00fcr\u00fcleriyle m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ddiaya g\u00f6re bu end\u00fcstri, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7ift\u00e7inin bu b\u00f6ceklerin oldu\u011fu bir s\u00fcr\u00fcye bir kutu boya atmas\u0131 ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesiyle ba\u015flad\u0131. \u015eimdi, monok\u00fclt\u00fcr tar\u0131m mahsulleri zararl\u0131lara ve hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 son derece savunmas\u0131z oldu\u011fundan b\u00fcy\u00fck end\u00fcstriyel \u00e7iftlikler, di\u011fer bitki veya hayvanlar\u0131 dikkate almadan bitkilerini sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 tutmak i\u00e7in son derece zehirli olan ot \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclere ve b\u00f6cek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclere b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131.<\/p>\n

    End\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m\u0131n aksine s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m, \u00e7e\u015fitli bitkilerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tar\u0131m sistemlerine odaklan\u0131r. Bu tar\u0131m sistemindeki \u00e7e\u015fitlilik, bitkilerin zararl\u0131lara, hastal\u0131klara ve kurakl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

    Su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/h2>\n

    Tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, genellikle mahsul ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7iftlik arazisini sulamak i\u00e7in gezegenin tatl\u0131 suyunun yakla\u015f\u0131k %69\u2019unu t\u00fcketiyor[13]<\/a>. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m sistemleri, konvansiyonel sulama y\u00f6ntemlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak su k\u00fctlesinin kirlenmesini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in damla sulama ve mal\u00e7lama, nehirlerin yak\u0131n\u0131nda tara\u00e7al\u0131 \u00e7iftlikler ve filtre \u015feritleri ve \u00e7ok fazla su gerektirmeyen derin k\u00f6kl\u00fc s\u00fcrekli bitkilerin tercih edilmesi gibi suyu koruyan \u00e7e\u015fitli teknikler kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    G\u0131da talebini kar\u015f\u0131lamakta zorlanan \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in yan\u0131t, geleneksel olarak mahsul al\u0131nan arazi miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak olsa da COVID-19 gibi zoonotik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n<\/a> ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gibi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen maliyetleri var.<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131m i\u00e7in yer a\u00e7mak, insanlar\u0131 vah\u015fi ya\u015famda dola\u015fan vir\u00fcslerden ve di\u011fer patojenlerden koruyan do\u011fal tampon b\u00f6lgelerini azalt\u0131r. Ve patojenler, \u00f6zellikle yo\u011fun hasat nedeniyle birbirlerine do\u011fal se\u00e7imden daha yak\u0131n olduklar\u0131nda genetik olarak benzer s\u00fcr\u00fcler ve s\u00fcr\u00fcler aras\u0131nda daha da kolay yay\u0131l\u0131r. Bu, y\u0131\u011f\u0131l\u0131 k\u00fcmes sistemli tavuklar\u0131, beslenme kafesli s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar, s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 ve herhangi bir domuz tesisi i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Yine de 2000 ve 2010 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tropik orman tahribinin %40\u2019\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ticari tar\u0131m sorumlu. Ancak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bireysel tar\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k da az\u0131msanamayacak %33\u2019l\u00fck etkisiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ticari tar\u0131m\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan geliyor[14]<\/a>. Ormanlar\u0131n kayb\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmayan tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131 da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 erozyona yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. \u00d6yle ki son 150 y\u0131lda t\u00fcm tar\u0131msal topraklar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 kaybedildi[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Yeni bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm<\/h2>\n

    Genel olarak, konvansiyonel tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7evreye zarar verdi\u011fi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k. Dahas\u0131, bu tar\u0131m t\u00fcr\u00fc do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi g\u00fcvensiz. Di\u011fer t\u00fcm end\u00fcstriler gibi tar\u0131m da konsolide oluyor: B\u00fcy\u00fck birimler \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomilerinden faydalanmak i\u00e7in tek tek \u00e7iftlikleri ele ge\u00e7iriyor ve daha verimli olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oyuncular\u0131 geride b\u0131rak\u0131p onlar\u0131 yutuyor. Ancak mega \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik \u015firketlerine g\u00fcvenmek riskli. Bunlardan biri bir sorunla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsa bu, uluslararas\u0131 bir sorun haline gelebilir.<\/p>\n

    S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik, y\u00fcksek oranda merkezi olmayan ve \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimlere dayal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, riski da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in bir y\u00f6ntem sunuyor. Bu nedenle tedarik zincirini tehlikeye atma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck.<\/p>\n

    Konvansiyonel tar\u0131mla ili\u015fkili dezavantajlar ve risklerin hi\u00e7birisi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131mda g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. UNEP\u2019e g\u00f6re, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m\u0131n yararl\u0131 bir tan\u0131m\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde: \u201cHem mevcut hem de gelecek nesillerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131larken ayn\u0131 zamanda karl\u0131l\u0131k, \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sosyal ve ekonomik e\u015fitlik sa\u011flayan tar\u0131m t\u00fcr\u00fc. Toprak verimlili\u011fini korumak, su kirlili\u011fini \u00f6nlemek ve biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi korumak i\u00e7in do\u011fay\u0131 taklit eden teknikleri destekler.\u201d<\/em>[16]<\/a> Ancak tan\u0131m bir miktar de\u011fi\u015fken, genellikle k\u00fclt\u00fcrel veya ticari \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 yans\u0131tabiliyor.<\/p>\n

    \"\"\u00d6rne\u011fin, Br\u00fcksel merkezli S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Tar\u0131m Giri\u015fimi Platformu<\/a>\u2019nu ele alal\u0131m. Uluslararas\u0131 tar\u0131m, yiyecek ve i\u00e7ecek sekt\u00f6rlerinin \u00f6nde gelenleri olarak bilinen 170 \u00fcyesi var. Carlsberg, Heineken, Cargill ve Dupont gibi \u00e7ok uluslu i\u015fletmeler burada ve SAI Platformunun da dedi\u011fi gibi: \u201c\u00dcyelerimiz, hane halk\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7iftlik kooperatiflerine kadar, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik yolculu\u011fundan ba\u015flayarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131na kadar herkesi kaps\u0131yor.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Farkl\u0131 \u00f6nceliklere sahip farkl\u0131 payda\u015flar, kendi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. Organlar\u0131ndan biri, Avrupa S\u0131\u011f\u0131r Eti S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi Yuvarlak Masas\u0131<\/a> iken s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m i\u00e7in bask\u0131 yapan ba\u015fka bir kurulu\u015f olan D\u00fcnya Vah\u015fi Ya\u015fam Fonu<\/a>, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r eti yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin kesinlikle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor ve \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cBirle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u0131da ve Tar\u0131m \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (FAO), t\u00fcm sera gaz\u0131 \u00fcretiminin %18\u2019inden yaln\u0131zca \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n sorumlu oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor.\u201d[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Bununla birlikte SAI Platformu \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve g\u00fcvenli tedarik zincirleri olu\u015ftururken s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc yeti\u015ftirme\u201d konusunda kararl\u0131[18]<\/a>. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m\u0131n \u201cherkese uyan tek boyutlu\u201d bir konseptinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re uyarlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini kabul etmemiz gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

    \u0130lerleme kaydetme<\/h2>\n

    Bu ko\u015fullar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman, 720 metrekare arazi k\u00fctlesinin %1\u2019inden az\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7iftliklerde kenara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u0131dalar\u0131n\u0131n %90\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n ithal edildi\u011fi teknolojik olarak geli\u015fmi\u015f \u015fehir devleti Singapur\u2019da bulunanlar kadar nadir olmuyor[19]<\/a>. Singapur bunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yor. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u00fclkenin 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar g\u0131dalar\u0131n\u0131n %30\u2019unu \u00fcretmesi gerekti\u011fini ve bu hedefi desteklemek i\u00e7in 207 milyon Singapur dolar\u0131 (149 milyon ABD dolar\u0131) fonla verimlili\u011fi art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 te\u015fvik edece\u011fini ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kent \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerini devlete ait dokuz otopark\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kiralamak i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuru yapmaya davet edece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Singapur\u2019un ekonomisine uygun oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00e7ift\u00e7ilikte marul, \u00fcz\u00fcm ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr gibi daha lezzetli, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir \u015fekilde \u00fcretilen mahsuller \u00fcretmek ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k, nem, karbondioksit, \u0131\u015f\u0131k, su ve besinler gibi de\u011fi\u015fkenleri y\u00f6netmek \u00fczere teknoloji kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

    Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, Kuveyt merkezli NOX Management\u2019\u0131n salata sebzeleri \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in Hamburg merkezli tar\u0131m teknolojisi uzman\u0131 &ever ile Kuveyt \u015fehrinin hemen d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan Growy<\/a>\u2019de ortakla\u015fa ticari bir kapal\u0131 dikey \u00e7iftlik kurdu\u011fu Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da i\u015fe yarayacak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. 3000 m2<\/sup>\u2019ye yay\u0131lan bu \u00e7iftlik, geleneksel tar\u0131ma g\u00f6re %90 daha az su ve %60 daha az g\u00fcbre kullanarak tohumlama, \u00e7im bi\u00e7me, s\u0131cakl\u0131k, nem, emisyon ve hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 dijital olarak kontrol eden nesnelerin interneti (IoT) sens\u00f6rlerini kullan\u0131yor.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Hindistan gibi \u00fclkeler, \u00e7evreye zarar vermeden ve do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 t\u00fcketmeden \u00fcretimi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in teknolojiyi \u00e7ift\u00e7ilikle birle\u015ftiren imkanlarla da \u00e7ok ilgileniyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin tar\u0131m teknolojisi giri\u015fim sermayesi \u015firketi Omnivore[21]<\/a>, verimlili\u011fi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in finansal teknoloji hizmetleri, i\u015fletmeler aras\u0131 pazar platformlar\u0131 ve hasat sonras\u0131 teknolojiler sunan yeni giri\u015fimleri finanse etti. Fasal[22]<\/a>, mikro sulama sistemlerinin gerektirdi\u011fi hassas tar\u0131m ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131 tedarik eden tar\u0131m teknolojisi \u015firketlerinden biri. Hindistan\u2019daki 16.000 hektar\u0131 a\u015fan \u00e7iftlik arazisinde yapay zeka ve IoT kullanarak suyu korumak i\u00e7in toprak nem sens\u00f6rleri kurdu. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, tek ba\u015f\u0131na suda %40\u2019a varan tasarruf ve mahsul hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tedavisinde daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131 elde ettiklerini bildirdi. [23]<\/a><\/p>\n

    S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131ma olan ihtiya\u00e7 daha fazla kabul g\u00f6rse de daha radikal bir di\u011fer alternatif de hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r seviyede dikkat \u00e7ekti. UNEP ve ortaklar\u0131, Haziran 2021\u2019de agroekoloji veya onar\u0131c\u0131 tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc Ortakl\u0131k Platformu\u2019nu ba\u015flatt\u0131[24]<\/a>. Bunun iki amac\u0131 var: g\u0131da ve besin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve insan eylemlerinin neden oldu\u011fu bozulmay\u0131 tersine \u00e7evirmek. UNEP, agroekolojinin 17 BM S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Hedefi\u2019nden 12\u2019sini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmede etkili olaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yor. Daha az harici girdi gerektirdi\u011finden ve de\u011fer zincirlerini k\u0131saltt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan agroekoloji, \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri ve yerel topluluklar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirecek.<\/p>\n

    Bu konsept olduk\u00e7a fazla destek g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Yiyecek ve i\u00e7ecek devi Nestl\u00e9, 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya genelinde 500.000 \u00e7ift\u00e7i ve 50.000 tedarik\u00e7inin topraktaki organik madde ve verimlili\u011fi iyile\u015ftirmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in be\u015f y\u0131l boyunca 1,3 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m yapaca\u011f\u0131 bir onar\u0131c\u0131 tar\u0131m plan\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Nestl\u00e9\u2019nin toplam sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi tar\u0131m kaynakl\u0131. S\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k bunlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. Nestl\u00e9, \u00f6rne\u011fin s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde, \u00e7iftlik d\u00fczeyinde emisyonlar\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in en son bilimi ve teknolojiyi kullan\u0131yor. \u015eirket, net s\u0131f\u0131r sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131na ula\u015fmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir, iklim dostu ve rejeneratif tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in 12 \u00fclkede 30 referans s\u00fct \u00e7iftli\u011fi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayacak. Nestl\u00e9 ayr\u0131ca s\u00fct alternatifleri olarak kullan\u0131lacak bakliyat \u00e7e\u015fitlerini se\u00e7mek ve yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerle birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

    2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abdul Latif Jameel Su ve G\u0131da Sistemleri Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 (J-WAFS<\/a>) ortakla\u015fa kuran Community Jameel<\/a> ve Massachusetts Institute of Technology<\/a>\u2019nin gezegende daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u015fekilde beslenme aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an g\u0131da teknolojisi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck gurur duyuyorum.<\/p>\n

    JIMCO Teknoloji Fonu<\/a>, hayvan kesimi gerektirmeyen k\u00fclt\u00fcr h\u00fccre y\u00f6ntemiyle deri \u00fcreten biyoteknoloji \u015firketi VitroLabs Inc.<\/a> \u015firketine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar gibi kom\u015fu pazarlardaki alternatif teknolojileri desteklerken, Jameel Yat\u0131r\u0131m Y\u00f6netimi \u015eirketi\u2019nin (JIMCO<\/a>) Stratejik Varl\u0131k Fonu<\/a> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u00fcnya genelinde g\u0131da teknolojisi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m programlar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan da mutluluk duyuyorum.<\/p>\n

    Bunlar\u0131n hepsi olduk\u00e7a \u00f6vg\u00fcye de\u011fer at\u0131l\u0131mlar ama yeterli mi? G\u0131da \u00fcretimini g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde art\u0131rma planlar\u0131 \u00e7ok yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor, zengin ve fakir aras\u0131ndaki bir u\u00e7urum var ve bu u\u00e7urum, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmayan tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fiyor. A\u00e7l\u0131ktan etkilenen insan say\u0131s\u0131 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda 828 milyona y\u00fckseldi[26]<\/a> ve 2020\u2019den bu yana yakla\u015f\u0131k 46 milyon artt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Yine de zorlu\u011fun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, bizi zirveye ula\u015fma \u00e7abalar\u0131m\u0131zdan vazge\u00e7irmesine izin veremeyiz. \u0130nsanl\u0131k, gezegenimizi tehdit eden iklim krizinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131ndan sorumlu. Ne kadar zor olursa olsun, bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak da insanl\u0131\u011fa kal\u0131yor. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ad\u0131mlarla ilerlemek, hi\u00e7 ad\u0131m atmamaktan kesinlikle daha iyi.<\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a> Homo Deus<\/em>, Yuval Noah Harari, 2011.<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/video\/2022\/04\/05\/the-impact-of-the-war-in-ukraine-on-food-security-world-bank-expert-answers<\/a><\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/leaders\/2022\/05\/19\/the-coming-food-catastrophe<\/a><\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/leaders\/2022\/05\/19\/the-coming-food-catastrophe<\/a><\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/global-issues\/population<\/a><\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/christmas-specials\/2022\/12\/20\/deadly-dirty-indispensable-the-nitrogen-industry-has-changed-the-world<\/a><\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/overview-greenhouse-gases<\/a><\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/8-reasons-why-sustainable-agriculture-important-rebekah-shields\/<\/a><\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/beginners-guide-sustainable-farming<\/a><\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/rethinking-food-systems<\/a><\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> The Food Programme 17:30-22.18.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/sounds\/play\/b08n20k3<\/a><\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cso.ie\/en\/csolatestnews\/pressreleases\/2021pressreleases\/pressstatementpopulationandmigrationestimatesapril2021\/<\/a><\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a>https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/sounds\/play\/b08n20k3<\/a><\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/rethinking-food-systems<\/a><\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/industries\/sustainable-agriculture<\/a><\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/beginners-guide-sustainable-farming<\/a><\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/industries\/sustainable-agriculture<\/a><\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> https:\/\/saiplatform.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n

    [19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.economist.com\/asia\/2020\/07\/04\/singapore-looks-to-the-skies-for-fields<\/a><\/p>\n

    [20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.prnewswire.co.uk\/news-releases\/nox-management-realizes-a-significant-profit-after-the-acquisition-of-amp-ever-in-a-deal-worth-euro-130-million-870911616.html<\/a><\/p>\n

    [21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.omnivore.vc\/impact-2\/<\/a><\/p>\n

    [22]<\/a> https:\/\/fasal.co\/about.html<\/a><\/p>\n

    [23]<\/a> https:\/\/fasal.co\/case-studies.html<\/a><\/p>\n

    [24]<\/a> https:\/\/glfx.globallandscapesforum.org\/topics\/21467\/page\/TPP-home<\/a><\/p>\n

    [25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nestle.com\/media\/pressreleases\/allpressreleases\/support-transition-regenerative-food-system<\/a><\/p>\n

    [26]<\/a> https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/06-07-2022-un-report–global-hunger-numbers-rose-to-as-many-as-828-million-in-2021<\/a><\/p>\n

    Hero image illustration by Graeme Mackay<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":107519,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nGelecek \u0130\u00e7in Tar\u0131m | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131mda as\u0131l olan, s\u00fcre\u00e7te kendisine zarar vermeden g\u0131da talebini kar\u015f\u0131lamakt\u0131r. 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