{"id":110672,"date":"2023-10-13T07:23:47","date_gmt":"2023-10-13T07:23:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alj.com\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/islands-of-hope\/"},"modified":"2024-04-24T07:07:54","modified_gmt":"2024-04-24T07:07:54","slug":"islands-of-hope","status":"publish","type":"spotlight-fadyjameel","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/islands-of-hope\/","title":{"rendered":"Umut adalar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan \u00e7ok say\u0131da ger\u00e7ek ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da rakam var. \u00c7ok say\u0131da karma\u015f\u0131k politika ve program; \u00e7ok say\u0131da vizyon ve ilke var. Hepsi \u00e7ok faydal\u0131. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi kesinlikle \u00e7ok gerekli. Yine de bu karma\u015fan\u0131n ortas\u0131nda bazen k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma hakk\u0131ndaki basit bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi, yani bildi\u011fimiz gibi gezegenimizin risk alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu kolayca unutabiliriz. Toplum geri d\u00f6n\u00fclemez bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ya\u015fayacak. Ekonomimiz<\/a> yok olacak.<\/p>\n

\u0130klim krizinin do\u011fal \u00e7evremizdeki 24 saatlik ritmi nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fini<\/a>, hava durumu d\u00fczenlerimizi nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini, s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 nas\u0131l y\u00fckseltti\u011fini<\/a> ve g\u0131da<\/a> ve su sistemlerimizi<\/a> nas\u0131l tehdit etti\u011fini daha \u00f6nce kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu varolu\u015fsal tehditle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan yaln\u0131zca bireysel ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z, evlerimiz ve topluluklar\u0131m\u0131z de\u011fil. T\u00fcm \u00fclkeler<\/em> haritadan kaybolabilir ve gezegenimiz s\u00fcrekli y\u00fckselen sular\u0131n alt\u0131na kalabilir.<\/p>\n

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Distopik bir bilim kurgu filminden bir kare gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de bu anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fey \u00e7oktan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 bile. Hint Okyanusu\u2019nda l\u00fcks bir tatil destinasyonu olarak bilinen bir tak\u0131mada olan Maldivler\u2019e bakal\u0131m. 14 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce Maldivler, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Uzaydan g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Maldivler Cumhuriyeti, sular\u0131n s\u0131\u011f oldu\u011fu bir mercan adas\u0131 \u00fclkesidir. Foto\u011fraf Sahibi: \u00a9 NASA https:\/\/lance.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ba\u015fkan Mohamed Nasheed ve 11 bakan, ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve kabine sekreteri, d\u00f6rt metre derinli\u011finde bir lag\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131nda 30 dakikal\u0131k bir kabine toplant\u0131s\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. D\u00fcnya genelinde yay\u0131nlanan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerde, beyaz bir yaz\u0131 tahtas\u0131na \u201cSOS\u201d yazd\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylesine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde ifade edilen bu sorun, asl\u0131nda mevcut iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi h\u0131z\u0131 ve y\u00fckselen deniz seviyeleri nedeniyle dalgalar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalacak olan Maldivler\u2019in \u00e7o\u011funun kaybolmas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fiydi.<\/p>\n

Bu siyasi mizansen, ciddi politikac\u0131lara g\u00f6re gen\u00e7 g\u00f6stericilere y\u00f6nelik pop\u00fcler bir yakla\u015f\u0131m gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de sadece Maldivler\u2019de de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki s\u0131\u011f sularda bulunan \u00fclke ve b\u00f6lgelerin endi\u015felerine de dikkat \u00e7ekti ve o zamandan bu yana ge\u00e7en y\u0131llarda daha da dikkat \u00e7eken bir g\u00fcndem olu\u015fturdu. Kopenhag\u2019daki Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Zirvesi\u2019nden \u00f6nce d\u00fczenlenen bu mizansen, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Nasheed\u2019in Maldivler suyun alt\u0131nda kal\u0131rsa d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n da bu kaderi payla\u015fabilece\u011fini beyan etmesi i\u00e7in bir zemin sundu.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde, n\u00fcfusun neredeyse %30\u2019u deniz seviyesi fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn sel, k\u0131y\u0131 erozyonu ve f\u0131rt\u0131nalardan kaynaklanan tehlikelerde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. BM Okyanus Atlas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya genelinde en b\u00fcy\u00fck 10 \u015fehrinden 8\u2019i bir k\u0131y\u0131ya yak\u0131n.[2]<\/sup><\/a> Ne var ki bu sava\u015f\u0131n \u00f6n saflar\u0131nda Maldivler gibi s\u0131\u011f adalar var.<\/p>\n

Tarih \u00d6ncesi Atlantis<\/h2>\n

D\u00fcnya, topraklar\u0131 sular alt\u0131nda b\u0131rakan deniz seviyelerinin y\u00fckselmesi olgusuyla ilk kez kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmasa da bu, binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi. Asl\u0131nda 8.000 y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcredir g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor. Buz \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 buzullar\u0131 eridik\u00e7e topraklar\u0131 su alt\u0131nda kalarak Kuzey Denizi\u2019ni olu\u015fturan Doggerland[3]<\/a>, \u0130ngiltere ile k\u0131ta Avrupa aras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 46.620 kilometrekarelik devasa bir b\u00f6lgeydi[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Atlantis ve su alt\u0131 d\u00fcnyalar\u0131 gibi bat\u0131k \u015fehir efsaneleri uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r var ancak bu efsaneler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ger\u00e7e\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere. Deniz seviyeleri son 6.000 y\u0131ld\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir h\u0131zla y\u00fckseliyor ve 1900 y\u0131l\u0131yla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fcresel deniz seviyesi ortalama 13-20 cm (5-8 in\u00e7) daha y\u00fcksek[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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K\u00fcresel deniz seviyesini \u00f6l\u00e7me ara\u00e7lar\u0131, 25 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha hassas \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler yapabiliyor. Bir zamanlar iskele gibi bir yap\u0131ya sabitlenmi\u015f gelgit g\u00f6stergelerine g\u00fcveniyorduk ancak \u015fimdi okyanus y\u00fczeyinden yans\u0131yan radar sinyallerini izleyen uydular\u0131 kullan\u0131yoruz[6]<\/a>. Her iki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm de denizin sadece y\u00fckseldi\u011fini de\u011fil, eskiye g\u00f6re daha h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fckseldi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. 1900 ve 2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, k\u00fcresel deniz seviyesi y\u0131lda ortalama 1,2 milimetre (0,05 in\u00e7) ve 1,7 milimetre (0,07 in\u00e7) aras\u0131nda y\u00fckseldi. 1990\u2019larda, bu oran y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 3,2 milimetreye y\u00fckseldi[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mercan adalar\u0131 ve tak\u0131madalar \u00fczerine kurulu \u00fclkelerin tamamen sular alt\u0131nda kalma riski y\u00fcksektir. S\u0131\u011f alanlar\u0131n en \u00e7ok tehdit alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lge Pasifik ve Hint Okyanusu\u2019dur ve Kiribati, Maldivler, Fiji, Palau, Mikronezya, Solomon Adalar\u0131, Sey\u015feller, Torres Bo\u011faz\u0131 Adalar\u0131, Tuvalu, Marshall Adalar\u0131 ve Carteret Adalar\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgelerde bulunur.<\/p>\n

Papua Yeni Gine\u2019nin Carteret Adalar\u0131, geri kalan adalar\u0131 nelerin bekledi\u011fi konusunda bir \u00f6zet sunuyor. Bu mercan adas\u0131, 30,5 km uzunlu\u011funda at nal\u0131 \u015feklinde da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f be\u015f s\u0131\u011f adadan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u015eu anki toprak k\u00fctlesinin, ilk ba\u015ftaki yedi adan\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fundan %40 daha az oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. B\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu ya daha y\u00fcksek bir yere \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in evlerini terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f ya da ba\u015fka bir yere yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Adalar\u0131n yeniden iskan\u0131 ile ilgili bir kurulu\u015fta g\u00f6revli olan Ursula Rakova, 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki COP 27\u2019ye kat\u0131larak 350 aileyi anakaraya ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in 2 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik stratejiler<\/h2>\n

Etkilenen \u00fclkelerin \u00e7o\u011funun verebilece\u011fi uzun vadeli yan\u0131t, sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak ve deniz seviyelerinin y\u00fckselmesini durdurmakt\u0131r; ancak bunun i\u00e7in \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 olabilir. Okyanuslar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 ve buzullar\u0131n erimesi gibi bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 s\u00fcrecin, \u00f6zellikle de devasa Gr\u00f6nland ve Antarktika buzullar\u0131n\u0131n erimesi nedeniyle denizler y\u00fckselmektedir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin her ikisi de insan kaynakl\u0131 sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131 durduktan \u00e7ok sonra da devam edebilir. Buz tabakalar\u0131n\u0131n erimesi, \u00f6zellikle de tetiklendikten sonra durdurulmas\u0131 zor olabilecek bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. K\u00fcresel s\u0131cakl\u0131klar istikrarl\u0131 bir hale geldikten sonra Paris \u0130klim Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/a> kapsam\u0131nda belirtilen 2\u00a0o<\/sup>C s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011feri istikrarl\u0131 bir seyir izlese bile o noktaya kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u0131s\u0131nma nedeniyle s\u00fcrekli buz kayb\u0131n\u0131n gelecekte durdurulamaz hale gelmesiyle buzullarda istikrars\u0131z bir seyir ba\u015flayabilir.<\/p>\n

Risk alt\u0131ndaki adalar art\u0131k geleceklerini planl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa vadede, artan deniz seviyelerine uyum sa\u011flaman\u0131n ve k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 azaltman\u0131n bir yolunu bulmalar\u0131 gerekiyor. Adalar uzun vadede, \u00f6nce vatanda\u015flar\u0131na g\u00fcvenli bir ya\u015fam alan\u0131 sunman\u0131n ve ard\u0131ndan \u00fclkeleri sular alt\u0131nda kalmadan \u00f6nce sahip olduklar\u0131 yasal haklar\u0131 ve miras\u0131 koruman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 ar\u0131yor. Herhangi bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn muazzam \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde pahal\u0131 olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Bu nedenle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada \u00fclkeleri, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin nedenlerinden bu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde fayda sa\u011flayan \u00fclkelerin bu \u00e7evresel etkilerle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yapmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmektedirler.<\/p>\n

Zafiyetin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h2>\n

Arazi \u0131slah\u0131, deniz duvarlar\u0131 ve yapay resifler, sadece k\u0131sa vadede olsa bile rahatlama potansiyeli sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen teknolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Maldivler\u2019deki en son giri\u015fimlerden biri de daha fazla arazi yaratmakt\u0131r. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda Maldivler h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, bir lag\u00fcnden s\u0131yr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kumu kullanarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131y\u0131 koruma ve kara iyile\u015ftirme plan\u0131[8]<\/a> ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu in\u015fa s\u00fcrecinde, Addu City\u2019nin g\u00fcney mercan kayal\u0131klar\u0131nda, d\u00f6rt y\u0131ld\u0131zl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 yeni ada tatil k\u00f6y\u00fc de dahil olmak \u00fczere 194 hektarl\u0131k arazi yarat\u0131lacak. Bu plan\u0131n maliyetinin 147,1 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve Hindistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ad\u0131na Export-Import Bank of India (Exim Bank) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla finanse edilece\u011fi bildiriliyor[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Pek \u00e7ok d\u00fczeltici \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada oldu\u011fu gibi baz\u0131 dezavantajlar da var. \u0130lki, biraz ironik bir \u015fekilde olsa da \u00e7evreyle ilgili. Geli\u015ftirmeden sorumlu Hollandal\u0131 y\u00fcklenici Van Oord\u2019a g\u00f6re, en az 20.000 ki\u015fiye ev sahipli\u011fi yapan alt\u0131 adan\u0131n ortas\u0131ndaki bir lag\u00fcnden 5 milyon metrek\u00fcpe yak\u0131n kum \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak. Di\u011fer tahminlere g\u00f6re \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak kum miktar\u0131 6,9 milyon metrek\u00fcp. \u00c7evreciler, t\u00fcm bu kum \u00e7ekme i\u015flemlerinin, \u00e7evredeki ekosistemleri bo\u011fabilecek ve uzun vadede toparlanma kabiliyetlerini etkileyebilecek tortu miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0131slah neticesinde 21 hektarl\u0131k mercan ve 120 hektarl\u0131k deniz yosunu \u00e7ay\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n kumlar alt\u0131na kalabilece\u011fini iddia ediyor.<\/p>\n

Planlama ekibi ayr\u0131ca yeni adalar yaratarak \u00fclkenin mevcut adalar\u0131n\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da art\u0131rd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Hulhumal\u00e9[10]<\/a>, ba\u015fkent Mal\u00e9\u2019deki kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltmak \u00fczere tasarlanarak yeni in\u015fa edilen yapay bir adad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar, havaliman\u0131na yak\u0131n bir lag\u00fcnde 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131 ve o zamandan beri 4 km2<\/sup>\u2019yi kaplayacak \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek Maldivler\u2019deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ada haline geldi. Hulhumal\u00e9\u2019nin n\u00fcfusu 50.000\u2019in \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 200.000 ki\u015finin daha Hulhumal\u00e9\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 bekleniyor.<\/p>\n

Denizin alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f bir mercan platformuna kum pompalayarak in\u015fa edilen bu yeni ada, deniz seviyesinden yakla\u015f\u0131k iki metre y\u00fckselerek Mal\u00e9\u2019nin iki kat\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu adan\u0131n daha y\u00fcksekte olmas\u0131 onu, y\u00fckselen denizler nedeniyle al\u00e7aktaki adalardan ka\u00e7an Maldivliler i\u00e7in bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak haline getirebilir. Ayr\u0131ca, gelecekte tayfunlar ve f\u0131rt\u0131nalar nedeniyle deniz kabard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tahliyeler i\u00e7in de bir se\u00e7enek olabilir[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hulhumal\u00e9, 1990\u2019lardan bu yana Maldivler\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya\u015fayan tek ada de\u011fildir. Islah projeleri, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz onlarca y\u0131lda benzer \u015fekillerde di\u011fer birka\u00e7 mercan adas\u0131na geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda, h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir dolgu sahas\u0131 haline gelen bat\u0131daki Thilafushi[12]<\/a> lag\u00fcn\u00fc ile yeni \u00fcretim ve end\u00fcstriyel alanlar i\u00e7in yer a\u00e7an ba\u015fka bir arazi iyile\u015ftirme projesi sahas\u0131 olan Gulhifalhuea yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Deniz duvarlar\u0131 bilimi<\/h2>\n

Deniz duvarlar\u0131, al\u00e7ak rak\u0131mlarda ya\u015fayan topluluklar\u0131, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 deniz suyunun basmas\u0131ndan korumak i\u00e7in genellikle ba\u015fka bir potansiyel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak de\u011ferlendirilir; ancak buradaki resim de kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. BM\u2019nin H\u00fck\u00fcmetler Aras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli (IPCC<\/a>), deniz seviyesindeki y\u00fckselme ve f\u0131rt\u0131na kabarmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruma arac\u0131 olarak deniz duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, yerel k\u0131y\u0131 ekosistemine m\u00fcdahale ederek \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in daha fazla soruna[13]<\/sup><\/a> neden olabilece\u011finden dolay\u0131 verimsiz olabilece\u011fi konusunda uyar\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin y\u00fckselen sular\u0131n yeni ak\u0131\u015f yollar\u0131 bulmalar\u0131na neden olarak ta\u015fk\u0131n risklerini art\u0131rabilirken k\u0131y\u0131lardaki duvarlar da \u00fcremek i\u00e7in kumsala ula\u015fmas\u0131 gereken kaplumba\u011fa gibi hayvanlar\u0131 engelleyebilir.<\/p>\n

Deniz duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n, Pasifik ve Maldivler\u2019deki gibi deniz seviyesinin y\u00fckselmesine daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 resif mercan adalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7leri engelleyebilece\u011fine dair kan\u0131tlar[14]<\/sup><\/a> da vard\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalara g\u00f6re, Maldivler ve di\u011fer yerlerdeki \u00e7o\u011fu resif mercan adas\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz onlarca y\u0131lda ya stabil kalm\u0131\u015f ya da daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Plymouth \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar[15]<\/a>, G\u00fcney Pasifik\u2019teki Tuvalu\u2019da bulunan Fatato Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7ekli modeline dayal\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Adalar\u0131n \u00fczerini kaplayan f\u0131rt\u0131na ve sellerin ada y\u00fczeyine k\u0131y\u0131dan \u00e7\u00f6kelti ta\u015f\u0131yabildi\u011fini, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te de adan\u0131n in\u015fa edilebilece\u011fini ancak bir deniz duvar\u0131n\u0131n bunu engelleyece\u011fini tespit etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Plymouth raporunun e\u015f yazar\u0131 Gerd Masselink, \u201c\u0130n\u015fa i\u00e7in gerekli \u00e7\u00f6keltiyi getiren selleri \u00f6nleyen bir deniz duvar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen \u00e7evreledi\u011fi bir ada, artan deniz seviyesine uyum sa\u011flayamaz<\/em>\u201d diyerek s\u00f6zlerine \u015fu ifadelerle devam etmi\u015ftir; \u201cY\u00fcksek deniz seviyesiyle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in deniz duvar\u0131 y\u00fckseltilmeyen bu t\u00fcr adalar, muhtemelen 20-50 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ya\u015fanamaz bir hal alacak.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Uzmanlar, deniz duvarlar\u0131 ve setler gibi sert altyap\u0131lara k\u0131yasla genellikle mangrovlar[16]<\/a> gibi do\u011faya dayal\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin deniz seviyesindeki art\u0131\u015flarla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kman\u0131n daha iyi bir yolu oldu\u011funu ve daha ucuz oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. Ne var ki mangrov dikmek, \u00f6zellikle kentsel alanlarda her zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. M\u00fchendisler, her ikisinden de en iyi \u015fekilde yararlanmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nlerinde bir mangrov a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir \u015ferit bulunan deniz duvarlar\u0131 gibi ye\u015fil ve gri altyap\u0131 kombinasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Yenilik\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler<\/h2>\n

Umut vadeden se\u00e7eneklerden biri de dalga y\u00fcksekliklerini azaltmak ve plaj geni\u015fliklerini stabilize etmek i\u00e7in yapay resif restorasyonudur[17]<\/a>. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ndeki bir pilot proje, yapay resifler olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in \u201cresif toplar\u0131\u201d kulland\u0131. Resif toplar\u0131, bal\u0131k ve di\u011fer deniz canl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde y\u00fczebilmesini sa\u011flayan deliklere sahip beton yar\u0131m k\u00fcrelerdir. \u00dclkedeki bir\u00e7ok benzer programdan biri olan Connecticut\u2019taki bu proje[18]<\/a>, resif toplar\u0131n\u0131n dalga y\u00fcksekliklerini yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve sadece dalgalar\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131ya ula\u015fmadan k\u0131rarak dalga enerjisini daha da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkiyle azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Denenmekte olan bir ba\u015fka yakla\u015f\u0131m da \u201cak\u0131nt\u0131ya uyum sa\u011flamay\u0131\u201d ve y\u00fczen yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n

Tehdit alt\u0131ndaki en zengin adalardan biri olan Maldivler, Waterstudio ve Dutch Docklands mimarlar\u0131 ile Maldivler Y\u00fczen \u015eehrini olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in ortakl\u0131k kurdu[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bu yap\u0131, Male yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda 200 hektarl\u0131k bir lag\u00fcn i\u00e7inde in\u015fa edilecek ve s\u0131\u011f k\u0131y\u0131 \u00fczerinde 5.000 y\u00fczer ev i\u00e7erecek. \u015eehir, deniz seviyesi y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e y\u00fckselen bir\u00e7ok alt\u0131gen \u015fekilli y\u00fczen yap\u0131 \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilecek ve alt tarafa ba\u011fl\u0131 yapay mercan meralar\u0131, mercanlar\u0131n do\u011fal olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini te\u015fvik edecek. Her deniz kenar\u0131 konutu 100 m2<\/sup> olacak ve \u00f6n taraf\u0131nda bir iskele ve \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131nda bir teras bulunacak.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Y\u00fczen mimari, \u015fehirleri deniz seviyelerindeki y\u00fckselmeye kar\u015f\u0131 koruyabilir. G\u00f6rselin Sahibi: \u00a9 Waterstudio.NL\/Dutch Docklands<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Miras koruma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/h2>\n

Teknoloji ve yenilik, y\u00fckselen deniz seviyeleriyle ya\u015famay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenen adalar i\u00e7in iyi bir cevap sunabilir; ancak bu s\u0131rada baz\u0131lar\u0131 daha ileriye bakarak yasal stat\u00fclerini ve miraslar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l koruyacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Ada uluslar\u0131, \u00fclkeleri bir\u00e7ok kum y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kayadan olu\u015fan Doggerland gibi bir hal al\u0131rsa bunun ne anlama gelebilece\u011fi gibi bir sorunla da u\u011fra\u015fmak zorunda. Su alt\u0131ndaki bir toprak hala \u00fclke say\u0131l\u0131r m\u0131?<\/p>\n

Bu durumdan etkilenen Pasifik Adalar\u0131 sakinleri i\u00e7in yan\u0131t kesinlikle \u201cEVET\u201d. Tuvalu ve Marshall Adalar\u0131 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda BM genel merkezinde Y\u00fckselen Uluslar Giri\u015fimini (RNI<\/a>) ba\u015flatt\u0131[20]<\/a>. RNI, pragmatik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ve gelecekte olacaklardan korunman\u0131n bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yerel topluluklar\u0131n ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak uyarlama ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k projelerini geli\u015ftirmek ve finanse etmek amac\u0131yla kapsaml\u0131 bir program olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 destek talep etmektedir. Ancak Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nda bulunan her bir mercan ada \u00fclkesi, benzersiz k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve ya\u015fam alan\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131n bir arada de\u011ferlendirilerek UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 \u00fcnvan\u0131 almas\u0131 i\u00e7in miras\u0131n\u0131 korumak istiyor. En az bunun kadar \u00f6nemli bir di\u011fer konu da Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nda bulunan mercan adas\u0131 \u00fclkelerinin, egemenliklerini ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 topluluktan siyasi bir beyan istemeleridir[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Egemenli\u011fi koruma<\/h2>\n

Bir ada su alt\u0131ndaysa ve n\u00fcfusu ba\u015fka bir yere ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rsa kara ve bu karay\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen deniz \u00fczerinde sahip olduklar\u0131 t\u00fcm haklara ne olur? \u00d6rne\u011fin, burada de\u011ferli mineral kaynaklar\u0131<\/a> bulunursa bunlar kime ait olur?<\/p>\n

18 Pasifik Adas\u0131 \u00fcye \u00fclkesinin ve topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu b\u00f6lgesel bir kurulu\u015f olan Pasifik Adalar\u0131 Forumu<\/a>[22]<\/a>, pozisyonunu a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde belirtti. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda, adalar\u0131n gelecekteki boyut veya \u015feklindeki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak deniz s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n sabit kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beyan etti. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar, BM Deniz Hukuku S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/a> \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00fcye \u00fclkelerin arazi k\u00fctlelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re belirlenir; ancak bu tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yine de bir nevi emsal te\u015fkil eden \u00f6rnekler var. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk Komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma grubu[23]<\/a>, deniz seviyesindeki art\u0131\u015f nedeniyle topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedebilecek \u00fclkelerin egemenliklerini korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan alternatifler sundu. Her ikisi de s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bir t\u00fcr uluslararas\u0131 t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip olan Vatikan ve Malta Askeri Egemen D\u00fczeni\u2019ne bakarak ayn\u0131 kavram\u0131n uygulanabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, bir \u00fclkenin hi\u00e7bir topra\u011f\u0131 olmasa bile devletin s\u00fcreklili\u011fi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayar.<\/p>\n

Vanuatu, Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Mahkemesini[24]<\/a> iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini ele almak i\u00e7in mevcut uluslararas\u0131 yasalar\u0131n nas\u0131l kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmaya zorlayarak yasal bir yol izlemi\u015ftir. Mevcut ve gelecek nesillerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin zararl\u0131 etkilerinden korumak i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 hukuk kapsam\u0131ndaki devletlerin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri hakk\u0131nda \u201cba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olmayan bir dan\u0131\u015fman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d istemi\u015ftir. Bu, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle ilgili yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi destekleyecek ve \u00fclkeleri daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ad\u0131mlar atmaya te\u015fvik edecektir.<\/p>\n

Artan deniz seviyesi, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n rak\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck adalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tehdit ediyor ancak yan\u0131tlardaki yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan da anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere hala umutlu olmak i\u00e7in bir neden var. \u00d6rne\u011fin, y\u00fczer \u015fehirler herhangi bir arazi iyile\u015ftirmesi gerektirmez; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla mercan resifleri \u00fczerinde minimum bir etkiye sahiptir ve hem yeni dev resiflerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine zemin haz\u0131rlar hem de su bariyeri olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rmelerini sa\u011flar[25]<\/a>. Maldiv\u2019in eski Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nasheed\u2019in de dedi\u011fi gibi: \u201cDalgalar\u0131 durduramay\u0131z ancak onlarla birlikte y\u00fckselebiliriz.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Y\u00fczer adalar gibi parlak fikirler de \u00f6zel sermayenin oynayabilece\u011fi rol\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar<\/a>, s\u00fcrekli olarak k\u0131sa vadeli k\u00e2rlara ihtiya\u00e7 duymak yerine uzun vadeli bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na sahip olabilir. Bu da onlara fark yaratan yenilik\u00e7i teknoloji t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc destekleme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00e7evikli\u011fi sa\u011flar. Emin olmak zor ama risk al\u0131p kendimizi suya b\u0131rakamay\u0131z. En kalabal\u0131k \u015fehirlerimizin ve en \u00fcretken b\u00f6lgelerimizin \u00e7o\u011funun deniz seviyesinin alt\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini akl\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131karmamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Bir yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n getirisi sadece finansal olmak zorunda de\u011fildir, pekala ya\u015famsal da olabilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/oct\/11\/mohamed-nasheed-maldives-rising-seas<\/a><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/understanding-climate\/climate-change-global-sea-level<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/education.nationalgeographic.org\/resource\/doggerland\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2261173-tiny-island-survived-tsunami-that-helped-separate-britain-and-europe\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/ocean.si.edu\/through-time\/ancient-seas\/sea-level-rise<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/09\/rising-sea-levels-global-threat\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/ocean.si.edu\/through-time\/ancient-seas\/sea-level-rise<\/a><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2022\/may\/23\/maldives-plan-to-reclaim-land-for-tourism-could-choke-the-ecosystem#:~:text=The%20low%2Dlying%20island%20nation,on%20this%20Unesco%20biosphere%20reserve<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/bc6264e026ad4fa3afbf6f8b1c794cf1<\/a><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/148158\/preparing-for-rising-seas-in-the-maldives<\/a><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/148158\/preparing-for-rising-seas-in-the-maldives<\/a><\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/148158\/preparing-for-rising-seas-in-the-maldives<\/a><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2022\/03\/03\/scientists-warn-seawalls-can-make-rising-waters-worse-in-the-long-run\/<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/148158\/preparing-for-rising-seas-in-the-maldives<\/a><\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/coral-reef-islands-doomed-sea-level-rise-scientists-1509915<\/a><\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srocc\/chapter\/chapter-4-sea-level-rise-and-implications-for-low-lying-islands-coasts-and-communities\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srocc\/chapter\/chapter-4-sea-level-rise-and-implications-for-low-lying-islands-coasts-and-communities\/<\/a> 4.4.2.3<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/reef-balls-gain-traction-for-shoreline-protection\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2021\/05\/maldives-floating-city-climate-change\/<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/united-nations-general-assembly-drowning-island-nations-75f5390daf98d1d385da7dd4a869ae09<\/a><\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/climatemobility.org\/rising-nations-initiative\/#:~:text=The%20Rising%20Nations%20Initiative%20puts,%2C%20rights%2C%20culture%20and%20heritage<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/world\/amid-rising-seas-island-nations-push-for-legal-protection<\/a><\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/world\/amid-rising-seas-island-nations-push-for-legal-protection<\/a><\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/world\/amid-rising-seas-island-nations-push-for-legal-protection<\/a><\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/travel\/news-and-advice\/maldives-floating-city-climate-change-b2108523.html<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":110401,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUmut Adalar\u0131 | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0130ngin mercanada ve tak\u0131madalar, \u00f6zellikle Pasifik ve Hint Okyanusunda yok olma riski alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. 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