{"id":111596,"date":"2023-11-16T06:25:52","date_gmt":"2023-11-16T06:25:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alj.com\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/%e5%9c%b0%e7%86%b1%e7%99%ba%e9%9b%bb%e3%81%ab%e5%90%91%e3%81%91%e3%81%9f%e6%96%b0%e3%81%9f%e3%81%aa%e5%8f%96%e3%82%8a%e7%b5%84%e3%81%bf\/"},"modified":"2024-04-24T07:13:37","modified_gmt":"2024-04-24T07:13:37","slug":"jeotermale-giden-adimlar","status":"publish","type":"spotlight-fadyjameel","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/jeotermale-giden-adimlar\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeotermale giden ad\u0131mlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Aktif bir yanarda\u011f\u0131n kalderas\u0131na kenar\u0131ndan bakan herkes, orada sakl\u0131 bir enerjinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hisseder. Her defas\u0131nda sadece bir anl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bile olsa bu enerjiyi hissederiz. Endonezya\u2019daki Tambora Da\u011f\u0131 1815\u2019te patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda patlayan ondan \u00e7ok daha me\u015fhur Krakatau patlamas\u0131ndan (Krakatoa)[1]<\/a> on kat daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yutacak kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u00fclfat bulutu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc ve hava d\u00fczenini o kadar bozdu ki geni\u015f \u00e7apta bitki kayb\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131 ve k\u0131tl\u0131k ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"May
18 May\u0131s 1980, 08.32: 5,1 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki bir deprem, St. Helens Yanarda\u011f\u0131\u2019nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir patlamaya neden oldu. K\u00fcl atmosferde 26 km y\u00fcksekli\u011fe kadar ula\u015ft\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 370 kilometrekarelik alan birka\u00e7 dakika i\u00e7inde y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Foto\u011fraf Sahibi: USGS; renklendirme S Dullaway.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Daha yak\u0131n bir tarihte, 1980\u2019de ABD\u2019deki St. Helens Yanarda\u011f\u0131 patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1945\u2019te Hiroshima\u2019ya[3]<\/a> at\u0131lan atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n 1.600 kat\u0131na e\u015f de\u011fer 24 megaton termal enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n kendi i\u00e7inde depolanan \u0131s\u0131dan elde edilen jeotermal enerji, gezegenimizin sahip oldu\u011fu muazzam enerji depolar\u0131ndan yararlanmak i\u00e7in e\u015fsiz bir f\u0131rsat sunuyor. ABD Enerji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (DOE), sadece ABD\u2019nin t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n enerji ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yeterli olan be\u015f teravatl\u0131k inan\u0131lmaz bir \u0131s\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu tahmin ediyor[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n aksine jeotermal enerji hem elektrik hem de \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra katma de\u011ferli mineral \u00e7\u0131karma potansiyeli de sunuyor. Bir elektrik kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak jeotermal enerji; y\u00fcksek tesis verimlili\u011fi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ekolojik ayak izi ile g\u00fcvenilir \u00fcretim sa\u011flar. Uygun \u015fekilde y\u00f6netildi\u011finde, \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck i\u015fletme maliyetlerine sahip uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 haline gelir. Do\u011frudan \u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flayarak \u0131s\u0131tma ve so\u011futma amac\u0131yla verimlili\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131r ve elektrik t\u00fcketimini azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu do\u011fal avantajlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen jeotermal enerjinin geli\u015fimi, kolay eri\u015filebilir kaynaklara sahip b\u00f6lgelerde bile ilerlemesini engelleyen zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Jeotermal projeler genellikle daha uzun zaman gerektiren proje geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r, ciddi miktarda \u00f6n sermaye harcamalar\u0131 gerektirir ve ilk ke\u015fif a\u015famalar\u0131nda y\u00fcksek riskle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r[5]<\/a>. Di\u011fer engellerin ba\u015f\u0131nda finansman sorunlar\u0131, politika ve d\u00fczenleyici \u00e7er\u00e7eveler, kurumsal ve teknik uzmanl\u0131k ve teknolojik ilerleme ihtiyac\u0131 gelmektedir. Bu zorluklar hem elektrik \u00fcretimini hem de \u0131s\u0131tma uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyerek jeotermal enerjinin bug\u00fcne kadarki tam potansiyelini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesini engellemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"1899<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan hem yenilik\u00e7i teknoloji hem de daha yarat\u0131c\u0131 finansman programlar\u0131 sayesinde durum h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rnek olarak Japonya\u2019y\u0131 ele alal\u0131m[6]<\/a>. Fukushima\u2019daki 2011 n\u00fckleer kazas\u0131ndan sonra, H\u00fck\u00fcmet bir s\u00fcbvansiyon ve \u015febekeye elektrik sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 tarifesi program\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yenilenebilir enerji i\u00e7in yenilenmi\u015f bir destek program\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Proje geli\u015ftiricilerine tercihli fiyatlar ve uzun vadeli s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler sunan \u015febekeye elektrik sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 tarifesi programlar\u0131, jeotermal kaynaklardan ulusal \u015febekeye elektrik tedarikini te\u015fvik ediyor. Bu, 45 jeotermal tesiste her biri 2 MWe (megavat elektrik) seviyesine kadar elektrik \u00fcreten 60\u2019tan fazla jeotermal tesisin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck jeotermal elektrik santrallerini di\u011fer projeler i\u00e7in bir model haline getiren \u015fey; daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck risk profilleri ile yat\u0131r\u0131m gereksinimleri olmas\u0131 ve kapsaml\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya gerek kalmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayabilmeleridir.<\/p>\n

Jeotermal enerji nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Jeotermal enerji, yer kabu\u011funda depolanan \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Topra\u011fa delik a\u00e7arak y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan s\u0131v\u0131lardaki \u0131s\u0131dan elde edilir. Y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kan s\u0131v\u0131daki enerji al\u0131n\u0131r ve elektri\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr veya do\u011frudan \u0131s\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Jeotermal enerji, hidrotermal sistemlerin en yayg\u0131n olarak geli\u015ftirildi\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli derinlik ve s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda bulunabilir. Bu sistemler, ge\u00e7irgen kayalar\u0131n derinlerinde dola\u015fan suyu, \u0131s\u0131 iletkeni olarak kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Jeotermal enerji, \u00fc\u00e7 bantta kategorize edilen s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131m olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na sahiptir: Y\u00fcksek (150\u00a0\u00b0C\u2019nin \u00fczerinde), orta (90-150\u00a0\u00b0C) ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (90\u00a0\u00b0C\u2019nin alt\u0131nda).<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131, elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in idealdir; orta s\u0131cakl\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 ise yerden \u0131s\u0131tma, end\u00fcstriyel s\u00fcre\u00e7ler ve tar\u0131msal g\u0131da uygulamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131, binalarda ve spa ve y\u00fczme havuzlar\u0131 gibi termal uygulamalarda do\u011frudan \u0131s\u0131tma amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Basic<\/p>\n

Jeotermal elektrik<\/h2>\n

Jeotermal enerjinin elektri\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde kullan\u0131lan birincil enerji santrali teknolojileri kuru buhar, fla\u015f buhar ve ikili d\u00f6ng\u00fcd\u00fcr[8]<\/a>. Kuru buhar tesisleri, buhar\u0131 do\u011frudan jeotermal rezervuardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r ve daha sonra elektrik \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in bir jenerat\u00f6rle birlikte bir buhar t\u00fcrbinine y\u00f6nlendirilir. Egzoz buhar\u0131, verimlili\u011fi optimize etmek i\u00e7in bir kondansat\u00f6re bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcnitelerde, geri bas\u0131n\u00e7 tesisleri egzoz buhar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan atmosfere salarak daha basit ve daha uygun maliyetli bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki fazl\u0131 jeotermal s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131 kullanan fla\u015f buhar teknolojisi, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda mevcut jeotermal tesislerde en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemdir. Bu i\u015flem, buhar bile\u015fenini s\u0131v\u0131 bile\u015fenden ay\u0131rarak fla\u015f buharla\u015fma yoluyla jeotermal s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir bas\u0131n\u00e7ta buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Buhar, elektrik \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in jenerat\u00f6re ba\u011fl\u0131 bir t\u00fcrbin \u00fczerinden kabart\u0131l\u0131r. Buhar egzozu bir kondansat\u00f6re bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r veya atmosfere sal\u0131n\u0131r. Ayr\u0131lan s\u0131v\u0131 bile\u015fenin daha fazla fla\u015f buhara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi ile ekstra elektrik \u00fcretilebilir.<\/p>\n

\u0130kili d\u00f6ng\u00fc tesisleri \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 jeotermal s\u0131v\u0131dan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaynama noktas\u0131na sahip ikincil bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131na aktar\u0131r ve kapal\u0131 d\u00f6ng\u00fc sistemi \u00fczerinden elektrik \u00fcretir. \u0130kili tesisler daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir ve 70-80\u00a0\u00b0C\u2019ye kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck jeotermal kaynaklardan elektrik \u00fcretebilme avantaj\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n

10 MWe\u2019den daha az elektrik \u00fcreten mod\u00fcler \u00fcniteler olan kuyu ba\u015f\u0131 jenerat\u00f6rleri, jeotermal bir tesisin geli\u015ftirme a\u015famas\u0131nda erken gelir elde etmek i\u00e7in cazip bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sunar. Mevcut kuyulardan yararlanarak yat\u0131r\u0131m geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcresini k\u0131salt\u0131r ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli elektrik santrallerine g\u00f6re daha k\u0131sa boru hatlar\u0131 ve daha k\u0131sa kurulum s\u00fcreleri gibi avantajlara sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in muazzam bir f\u0131rsat<\/h2>\n

Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler de dahil 80\u2019in \u00fczerinde \u00fclke halihaz\u0131rda \u00f6nemli jeotermal enerji \u00fcreticileridir. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda Endonezya, 2.356 MW ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci \u00fcreticisi oldu ve ard\u0131ndan Filipinler (1.935 MW), T\u00fcrkiye (1.682 MW), Meksika (963 MW) ve Kenya (944 MW) s\u0131ralamada yerini ald\u0131[9]<\/a>. Bu \u00fclkelerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015fimdi daha fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7ekmek ve jeotermal enerjinin geni\u015fleme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in finansal \u00e7er\u00e7evelerini yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmekte olan bu ekonomiler jeotermal enerjinin potansiyelinin fark\u0131na varm\u0131\u015f ve enerji kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki paylar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in iddial\u0131 hedefler benimsemi\u015flerdir. Elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u00f6m\u00fcre ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan Endonezya, 2025 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar enerjisinin %23\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc yenilenebilir kaynaklardan \u00fcretmeyi hedefliyor. Bu hedefi desteklemek i\u00e7in H\u00fck\u00fcmet, devlete ait bir jeotermal geli\u015ftiricisi olan Pertamina Geothermal Energy\u2019ye (PGE) \u00f6nemli bir sermaye harcamas\u0131 \u00f6dene\u011fi ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. PGE, 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda 250 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 almas\u0131 ve bu fonun 2027 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 1,6 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 bekleniyor. Bu yat\u0131r\u0131m, PGE\u2019nin jeotermal kapasitesini yakla\u015f\u0131k 700 MW\u2019tan 1.300 MW\u2019a \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Endonezya, yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerle aktif olarak ortakl\u0131klar kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin Mitsubishi Power, Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Ajans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fiyle Lumut Balai Unit 2 istasyonunda 55 MW\u2019l\u0131k bir santral in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in PGE ile ortakl\u0131k kurdu.<\/p>\n

PGE ve \u0130talyan Exergy, jeotermalin \u00fclkede ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla nas\u0131l geli\u015ftirilebilece\u011fini incelemek i\u00e7in bir mutabakat bildirgesi imzalad\u0131[11]<\/a>. \u0130talya, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sekizinci b\u00fcy\u00fck jeotermal \u00fcreticisidir.<\/p>\n

Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Endonezya, PGE\u2019nin ilk halka arz\u0131nda hisse sat\u0131n alarak, ilk jeotermal yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren Masdar gibi BAE \u015firketleriyle de ortakl\u0131klar kuruyor.<\/p>\n

Filipinler ayr\u0131ca, 2040 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar enerji karmas\u0131n\u0131n %50\u2019sini olu\u015fturan yenilenebilir enerji hedefine ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken jeotermal enerjiden de yararlanmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor[12]<\/a>. \u00dclke bu d\u00f6nemde jeotermal kapasitesini %75 art\u0131rmay\u0131 planl\u0131yor ve \u015fu anda sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn geli\u015fimini desteklemek i\u00e7in politikalar olu\u015fturuyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yerel bir holding olan SM Investments\u2019\u0131n sahibi oldu\u011fu Filipin Jeotermal \u00dcretim \u015eirketi, 250-400 MW kapasite ekleyecek be\u015f yeni jeotermal proje geli\u015ftirme plan\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in yerel m\u00fclkiyet gereklili\u011fini kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin bu varl\u0131klar\u0131n %100 m\u00fclkiyetini elinde tutmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kenya sadece Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ilk jeotermal enerji santralini kurmakla kalmad\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda 2020-2021 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda elektri\u011finin %48\u2019ini jeotermal kaynaklardan \u00fcretti. Yani bir bak\u0131ma yola devam diyorlar. \u00dclke, iddial\u0131 ye\u015fil proje hedefleri belirledi ve 944 MW olan mevcut jeotermal kapasitesini 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 1.600 MW ve 2037 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 10.000 MW\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kararak 10\u2019a katlamay\u0131 hedefliyor[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Endonezya gibi bu \u00fclke de yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 ve know-how istiyor. Mart 2023\u2019te \u0130talya-Kenya Jeotermal \u0130\u015f ve Yat\u0131r\u0131m Forumu\u2019na ev sahipli\u011fi yaparak Avustralyal\u0131 yenilenebilir enerji \u015firketi Fortescue Future Industries ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z enerji \u00fcreticisi Globeleq ile ye\u015fil enerji ve \u00fcretime yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmak \u00fczere anla\u015fmalar imzalad\u0131. Bu planlar, Naivasha\u2019da jeotermal kaynaklar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 300 MW\u2019l\u0131k bir ye\u015fil enerji ve g\u00fcbre tesisini i\u00e7ermektedir[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mali sorunlar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelme<\/h2>\n

\"GlobalBu giri\u015fimler son derece cesaret verici olsa da maliyet sorunu, bug\u00fcne kadar jeotermal enerjinin geli\u015fimini engelleyen temel fakt\u00f6rlerden biri olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Kendiniz finansman sa\u011flayam\u0131yorsan\u0131z bu s\u00fcrece uzun vadeli olarak kat\u0131lmak isteyen yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ekecek ve onlara g\u00fcvence verecek finansal yap\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131z gerekir. Jeotermal projelerin, emeklilik fonu gibi geleneksel bir yat\u0131r\u0131m kurulu\u015funun portf\u00f6y\u00fcne makul bir \u015fekilde girebilecek bir varl\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 haline gelmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n

Bu, di\u011ferlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra d\u00fcnya genelindeki jeotermal \u00fcreticiler aras\u0131nda bilgi payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve koordinasyonu ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in Global Jeotermal \u0130ttifak<\/a> ad\u0131 verilen bir platform olu\u015fturan Uluslararas\u0131 Yenilenebilir Enerji Ajans\u0131 (IRENA<\/a>) taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"GlobalEn son raporu olan Jeotermal pazar ve teknoloji de\u011ferlendirmesi<\/em>[15]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>,<\/em> jeotermal projelerin \u00f6nemli \u00f6n sermaye gerektirdi\u011fini ve farkl\u0131 bir yat\u0131r\u0131m profili ortaya koyan do\u011fal riskler i\u00e7erdi\u011fini belirtmektedir. Geli\u015ftirme a\u015famas\u0131nda finansman sa\u011flamak istendi\u011finde, 15 ila 25 y\u0131l aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen uzun vadeli enerji sat\u0131n alma anla\u015fmalar\u0131 (PPA) yapmak al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f bir durumdur.<\/p>\n

Bu durumu iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in H\u00fck\u00fcmet d\u00fczeyinde kullan\u0131labilecek \u00f6nlemlerin, jeotermal enerjiyi di\u011fer kaynaklar ve do\u011frudan s\u00fcbvansiyonlarla birlikte daha rekabet\u00e7i hale getirecek vergi indirimlerinin ve muafiyetlerinin, ekipman sermaye harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra i\u015fletme giderlerini de kapsamas\u0131 gerekir. Japonya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi tarife garantileri (FiT), jeotermal proje geli\u015ftiricilerine tercihli fiyatlar ve uzun vadeli s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler sunarak jeotermal ve di\u011fer enerji kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki maliyet fark\u0131n\u0131 kapatman\u0131n bir ba\u015fka yoludur.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle jeotermal projelerin depremleri tetikledi\u011fi nadir durumlar var oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in risk y\u00f6netimi bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcney Kore\u2019deki bir tesis 5,5 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir depremi harekete ge\u00e7irdi[16]<\/a>. Bu nedenle, ke\u015fif sondaj\u0131 ve kuyu verimlili\u011finin azalmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki y\u00fczey alt\u0131 riskleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere jeotermal projelerle ilgili belirsizlikleri ve riskleri ele alan risk azaltma, garanti ve sigorta programlar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Jeotermal projelerin karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131, karbon kredileri satarak karbon pazar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 yaratabilir.<\/p>\n

Teknolojik geli\u015fmeler<\/h2>\n

Jeotermal g\u00fcc\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131ndan biri, Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nu \u00e7evreleyen \u201cAte\u015f Halkas\u0131\u201d[17]<\/a> ad\u0131 verilen plakalar gibi tektonik plakalar\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki volkanik b\u00f6lgeler veya alanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7ekirde\u011findeki mevcut \u00e7atlaklar\u0131n y\u00fczeye yak\u0131n noktalarda buhar olu\u015fmas\u0131na izin verdi\u011fi Akdeniz ve Do\u011fu Afrika fay hatlar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Pacific<\/p>\n

Benzer hususlar, \u015fimdiye kadar en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc jeotermal enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri olan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f jeotermal sistemlerin (EGS) s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirilmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. EGS, \u00e7evredeki kayan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi nedeniyle genellikle ekonomik olarak uygulanabilir olmayan daha derinlerde sakl\u0131 jeotermal kaynaklar\u0131 kullan\u0131r. EGS\u2019de derin kayalar\u0131 k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek h\u0131zlardaki s\u0131v\u0131lar yere enjekte edilir (\u201chidrolik k\u0131rma\u201d olarak bilinir), suyun eri\u015filebilir derinliklere ve tortulara ula\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yollar olu\u015fturarak ge\u00e7irgenlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015far. Art\u0131 taraf\u0131, alt\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131 olan her y\u00fczeyde EGS\u2019nin jeotermal enerjiyle g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcretebilecek olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Eksi taraf\u0131ysa maliyetli olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlar, bir ABD jeotermal giri\u015fimi olan Quaise Energy[18]<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen sondaj teknolojisi ile de\u011fi\u015fmek \u00fczere olabilir. Quaise Energy\u2019nin sistemi, tipik olarak n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyon ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan mevcut jirotron teknolojisini yeniden kullanarak, 400\u00a0\u00b0C\u2019yi (752\u00a0\u00b0F) a\u015fan s\u0131cakl\u0131klara sahip s\u00fcper derin jeotermal enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan faydalanarak y\u00fczeyin 19,3 km alt\u0131na kadar delmeyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar. Bu \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an teknoloji, hidrolik k\u0131rma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak di\u011fer jeotermal sistemlerle ili\u015fkili deprem potansiyelini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, Quaise\u2019nin sondaj tekni\u011finin h\u0131zl\u0131 ve verimli olmas\u0131 bekleniyor ve mevcut 1 MW jirotronlar\u0131 kullanarak 100 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde sondaj deliklerini tamamlamay\u0131 hedefliyor.<\/p>\n

Quaise Energy, sondaj teknolojisinin geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in iddial\u0131 hedefler belirliyor. Bu sistemi 2024 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar sahada tan\u0131tmay\u0131, ard\u0131ndan 2026 y\u0131l\u0131nda buhar ekstraksiyonunu ve 2028 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar da ticarile\u015ftirmeyi planlamaktad\u0131r. Megavat saat ba\u015f\u0131na 20 ABD dolar\u0131 ile 40 ABD dolar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir elektrik maliyeti (LCOE) elde etmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu, jeotermal enerjiyi en rekabet\u00e7i r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi fiyatlar\u0131yla do\u011frudan rekabete sokarak ekonomik olarak uygulanabilir ve \u00e7evre dostu bir enerji se\u00e7ene\u011fi haline getirecektir. Quaise Technology\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, daha derine inme ve daha y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki jeotermal kaynaklara eri\u015fme kabiliyeti sayesinde, tektonik etkinlikleri ne olursa olsun, jeotermal g\u00fcc\u00fc t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in eri\u015filebilir k\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Fosil yak\u0131t teknolojisinin gelece\u011fi<\/h2>\n

Jeotermal enerjinin bir ba\u015fka avantaj\u0131 da fosil yak\u0131t end\u00fcstrisinin hem altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hem de yeralt\u0131 ke\u015fif deneyimini \u201cyeniden kullanabilmesidir\u201d. \u00d6rne\u011fin Quaise Energy, k\u00f6m\u00fcrle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kullan\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f elektrik santrallerini kapasitelerinden ve \u015febeke ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131ndan yararlanarak jeotermal baz y\u00fck merkezlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi planl\u0131yor. Kullan\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f hidrokarbon alanlar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, jeotermal enerji \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in bir ba\u015fka yoldur. \u00d6rne\u011fin Hindistan\u2019\u0131n Cairn Oil & Gas \u015firketi, Rajasthan tesislerinde jeotermal enerji \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in Baker Hughes ile bir anla\u015fma imzalad\u0131[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Pillerden daha iyi<\/h2>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, EGS teknolojisinin g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczgar kaynaklar\u0131ndan gelen fazla enerjiyi lityum iyon pillerden daha etkili bir \u015fekilde depolama potansiyeline sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir[20]<\/a>. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Princeton \u00dcniversitesi ve ileri jeotermal geli\u015ftirici Fervo Energy aras\u0131ndaki bir i\u015f birli\u011fi, geli\u015fmi\u015f jeotermal rezervuarlar\u0131n fazla enerjiyi, s\u0131cak su veya buhar \u015feklinde depolayabildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Depolanan bu \u0131s\u0131 daha sonra yenilenebilir kaynaklar mevcut olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda elektrik \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Jeotermal rezervuarlar\u0131n depolama kapasitesi, in\u015faat s\u0131ras\u0131nda ekstra maliyete neden olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ek bir fayda sa\u011flar. Bu at\u0131l\u0131m, yeni nesil jeotermal tesislerin geleneksel baz y\u00fckl\u00fc i\u015fletme modelinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fer sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece \u00fc\u00e7 yenilenebilir teknolojinin de desteklenmesini sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n

\"Geothermal<\/p>\n

Hem finansman hem de teknolojideki geli\u015fmelere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda jeotermal enerjinin gelece\u011finin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Her ne kadar zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olsa da geli\u015fimindeki ivme ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlar giderek art\u0131yor ve bu da ilerleme kaydedildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

2021 itibar\u0131yla, k\u00fcresel jeotermal enerji \u00fcretimi 16 gigavata (GW) ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck hidroelektrik tesisi olan ve 22,5 GW\u2019a kadar \u00fcretebilen Three Gorges Dam\u2019\u0131n etkileyici kapasitesi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fctevaz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir, ancak jeotermal enerjinin yaln\u0131zca ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmekte olan muazzam bir el de\u011fmemi\u015f potansiyele sahip oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

Devam eden \u00e7abalar ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla, jeotermal enerji etki alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletme ve k\u00fcresel enerji kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde katk\u0131da bulunma f\u0131rsat\u0131na sahiptir. Hala \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gereken zorluklara kar\u015f\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki projelerin s\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, jeotermal enerjinin g\u00fcvenilir ve yenilenebilir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak faydalar\u0131n\u0131n giderek daha fazla takdir edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Jeotermal enerji, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fal \u0131s\u0131s\u0131ndan yararlanarak gezegenimiz i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir gelece\u011fe ula\u015fmada hayati bir rol oynayabilir.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Tambora patlamas\u0131, 1450 km uzakl\u0131ktaki Krakatau patlamas\u0131ndan on kat daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen k\u0131smen o d\u00f6nemde haberlerin yava\u015f yay\u0131lmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 daha az bilinir. 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Krakatau patlamas\u0131 haberlerin h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan telgraf\u0131n icad\u0131ndan sonra meydana gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 https:\/\/experts.illinois.edu\/en\/publications\/itamborai-ithe-eruption-that-changed-the-worldi#:~:text=When%20Indonesia’s%20Mount%20Tambora%20erupted,for%20more%20than%20three%20years<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/fs\/2000\/fs036-00\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/articles\/doe-launches-new-energy-earthshot-slash-cost-geothermal-power<\/a><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2023\/Feb\/Global-geothermal-market-and-technology-assessment<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2023\/Feb\/Global-geothermal-market-and-technology-assessment<\/a>, sayfa 32<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2023\/Feb\/Global-geothermal-market-and-technology-assessment<\/a>, sayfa 14<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2023\/Feb\/Global-geothermal-market-and-technology-assessment<\/a>, sayfa 16<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/articles-interviews\/how-tech-can-unlock-geothermal-energy-in-emerging-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/articles-interviews\/how-tech-can-unlock-geothermal-energy-in-emerging-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/articles-interviews\/how-tech-can-unlock-geothermal-energy-in-emerging-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/articles-interviews\/how-tech-can-unlock-geothermal-energy-in-emerging-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/articles-interviews\/how-tech-can-unlock-geothermal-energy-in-emerging-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/articles-interviews\/how-tech-can-unlock-geothermal-energy-in-emerging-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2023\/Feb\/Global-geothermal-market-and-technology-assessment<\/a><\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rff.org\/publications\/explainers\/geothermal-energy-101\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/education.nationalgeographic.org\/resource\/plate-tectonics-ring-fire\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.energymonitor.ai\/tech\/geothermal-can-provide-half-the-worlds-energy-quaise-energy-ceo\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/articles-interviews\/how-tech-can-unlock-geothermal-energy-in-emerging-markets\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/11\/geothermal-renewable-energy-storage\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":111394,"template":"","tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJeotermal Enerji Yolunda | Abdul Latif Jameel\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131s\u0131ndan elde edilen jeotermal enerji, elektrik, \u0131s\u0131tma ve olas\u0131 maden \u00e7\u0131karma f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 sa\u011flar. 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