{"id":87169,"date":"2021-04-06T05:36:14","date_gmt":"2021-04-06T05:36:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alj.com\/?post_type=spotlight-fadyjameel&p=87169"},"modified":"2022-03-31T12:20:56","modified_gmt":"2022-03-31T12:20:56","slug":"olumcul-isi-seviyesi-dusundugunuz-kadar-yuksek-bir-sicaklik-olmayabilir-serinletici-islak-termometre-sicakliklari-bilimi","status":"publish","type":"spotlight-fadyjameel","link":"https:\/\/alj.com\/tr\/spotlight-by-fady-jameel\/olumcul-isi-seviyesi-dusundugunuz-kadar-yuksek-bir-sicaklik-olmayabilir-serinletici-islak-termometre-sicakliklari-bilimi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl \u0131s\u0131 seviyesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz kadar y\u00fcksek bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k olmayabilir: Serinletici \u2018Islak termometre\u2019 s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 bilimi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130ster inan\u0131n ister inanmay\u0131n ama serinlemenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u0131s\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r. \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 50 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde k\u00fcresel s\u0131cakl\u0131klardaki her 1\u00b0C (1,8\u00b0F) art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in bir milyar insan bunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na katlanmak zorunda kalacak.[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/h4>\n

Klima olmadan bunalt\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131caklarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 hayal edin. Milyonlarca insan buna mecbur kalmadan \u015fu an zaten bu ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Neyse ki; son derece geli\u015fmi\u015f bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k d\u00fczenleme sistemine sahip kendi v\u00fccutlar\u0131, klima olmadan \u00fccretsiz olarak serinlemelerini sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Kendinizi, parlak Hint g\u00fcne\u015finin alt\u0131nda bir \u00e7iftlik i\u015f\u00e7isi ile yan yana \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bulsayd\u0131n\u0131z, muhtemelen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklardan kurtulmaktan ziyade akl\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kaybetme konusunda daha endi\u015feli olursunuz. Zaten v\u00fccudunuz b\u00f6yle bir durumda ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilir. Kan damarlar\u0131n\u0131z geni\u015fleyerek kandaki \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evreye aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ve en \u00f6nemlisi, terlersiniz.<\/p>\n

1902 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Willis Carrier ilk modern klima sistemini tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda havadan nemi \u00e7ekerek kendimizi nas\u0131l serin tutaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kafas\u0131nda canland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[2]<\/sup><\/a> Ancak insan v\u00fccudu, ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi evrim sayesinde s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in nemi havaya vererek<\/em> serinler. Terimiz buharla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 da al\u0131r. Bol miktarda su i\u00e7ti\u011fimizde her zaman v\u00fccudumuzun so\u011fumak i\u00e7in terlemesine yetecek kadar suyu olur. Bu, binlerce y\u0131l boyunca v\u00fccudumuzda iyi bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en s\u0131cak yerlerinde kolonile\u015fmemizi sa\u011flayan son derece etkili bir sistemdir. Ancak bu sistem m\u00fckemmel de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Bazen terlemek de i\u015fe yaramaz. Baz\u0131 ko\u015fullarda terin buharla\u015fmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten imkans\u0131zd\u0131r<\/em>, yani v\u00fccudumuzun kendini serinletmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ya\u015fam\u0131 tehdit eden bu olay, \u2018ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 olarak bilinen bir sistem kullan\u0131larak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu t\u00fcr a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ko\u015fullara eskiden \u00e7ok az rastlan\u0131rd\u0131, ancak iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi nedeniyle art\u0131k d\u00fcnyan\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri d\u00fczenli olarak alarm veriyor.<\/p>\n

Serinleyemedi\u011fimizde ne olur<\/h2>\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n v\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 37,5 santigrat derece (\u00b0C) veya 99,5 Fahrenhayt (\u00b0F) civar\u0131nda tutmalar\u0131 gerekir. V\u00fccudunuz \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131k\u00e7a so\u011fumak i\u00e7in daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Kan damarlar\u0131n\u0131z geni\u015fledi\u011finde kan bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer, bu da kan pompalamak i\u00e7in kalbin daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na neden olur. Kan bas\u0131nc\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015ferse organlar\u0131n\u0131za yeterli kan gitmez ve kalp krizi riski artar. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, terleyerek s\u0131v\u0131 ve tuz kaybedersiniz.<\/p>\n

\"Elfatih
Elfatih Eltahir
\nHidroloji ve \u0130klim Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, MIT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ate\u015finiz artmaya devam ederse bayg\u0131nl\u0131k, kramplar ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 susuzluk da dahil olmak \u00fczere y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131 bitkinli\u011fi semptomlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Uzun s\u00fcre \u0131s\u0131 stresine maruz kalmak b\u00f6brek ta\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fumuna ve kalp sorunlar\u0131na neden olabilir. Tabi e\u011fer \u015fansl\u0131ysan\u0131z. E\u011fer serinleyemezseniz s\u0131cak \u00e7arpmas\u0131 ge\u00e7irerek kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bilin\u00e7 kayb\u0131, organ yetmezli\u011fi ve hatta \u00f6l\u00fcme kadar gidebilen sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer \u0131s\u0131dan kurtulam\u0131yorsan\u0131z, sizi hayatta tutacak tek \u015fey terlemektir.<\/p>\n

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hidroloji ve \u0130klim Profes\u00f6r\u00fc ve ya\u015f termometre[3]<\/sup><\/a> alan\u0131nda global bir uzman olan Elfatih Eltahir, bu durumu \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

\u201cYeterli suyumuz varsa, insanlar olarak s\u0131cak ve kuru ortamlarla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kacak donan\u0131ma sahibiz demektir. Yeterli miktarda su almaya devam ederseniz terlersiniz ve ter buharla\u015farak v\u00fccudunuzu serinletir. […] Bu denkleme nem eklerseniz, insanlar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131 stresiyle ba\u015f etmesini sa\u011flayan bu do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7 temelden engellenmi\u015f olur.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etki mekanizmas\u0131 nedir<\/h2>\n

Ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, insan v\u00fccudunun terleyerek kendini ne kadar serinletebilece\u011finin bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Termometrenin ampul\u00fc \u0131slak bir beze sar\u0131l\u0131p suyun do\u011fal olarak buharla\u015fmas\u0131 beklenerek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclen en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011feri, normal (yani kuru) bir termometre taraf\u0131ndan kaydedilen s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferinden neredeyse her zaman daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bunun nedeni, termometrenin buharla\u015fan su yoluyla \u0131s\u0131 kaybetmesidir: Su ne kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 buharla\u015f\u0131rsa termometrenin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak o kadar d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Buharla\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131, mutlak s\u0131cakl\u0131ktan ve havan\u0131n ekstra nem tutma kapasitesini ifade eden ba\u011f\u0131l nemden do\u011frudan etkilenir. Daha s\u0131cak hava, daha so\u011fuk havaya k\u0131yasla daha h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde daha fazla su buhar\u0131n\u0131 emebilir. Bununla birlikte, hava daha fazla su buhar\u0131 emip giderek daha nemli hale geldik\u00e7e, ilave su buhar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha az yer kal\u0131r ve buharla\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131 yava\u015flar. %0 ba\u011f\u0131l nem, havan\u0131n tamamen kuru oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu oran %100 oldu\u011funda ise havan\u0131n daha fazla nem alamayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

Bu, ne kadar terleseniz de terinizin buharla\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

Tehlikeli s\u0131cakl\u0131k nedir?<\/h2>\n

Bu sadece ilgi \u00e7ekici bilimsel bir tespit de\u011fildir. Hayat\u0131 tehdit eden bir durumdur. \u00d6yle ki; 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda ABD ordusu askerleri g\u00fcvende tutmak i\u00e7in ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (Wet-Bulb Temperatures: WBT) ne oldu\u011funu anlatan k\u0131lavuzlar kulland\u0131. E\u011fer bulundu\u011funuz iklime al\u0131\u015f\u0131k de\u011filseniz, WBT de\u011feri 29\u00b0C\u2019ye (84\u00b0F) ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda egzersiz yapmaya son vermeniz \u00f6nerilir. Bu de\u011ferin \u00fczerindeki t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar \u2018a\u015f\u0131r\u0131\u2019 tehlikeli durum olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve s\u0131cak \u00e7arpmas\u0131 riskini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131r\u0131r.[4]<\/sup><\/a> Ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 35\u00b0C\u2019yi (95\u00b0F) zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ki\u015fi, d\u0131\u015f mekanda alt\u0131 saatten uzun bir s\u00fcre hayatta kalamayabilir.[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Nem artmaya devam ederse, ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonunda ger\u00e7ek s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa e\u015fit bir seviyeye ula\u015facakt\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, suya bat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ya\u015f termometre hi\u00e7 so\u011fumayacakt\u0131r. Ve bu durumda, hava \u00e7evrede insanlar\u0131n olabilmesi i\u00e7in yeterince so\u011fuyamayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nem sayesinde \u0131s\u0131 daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr<\/h2>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131l nem %100 ise terleyerek kendinizi serinletmenin bir yolu yoktur. Ancak, tehlikenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 i\u00e7in rakamlar\u0131n bu kadar y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131na gerek yok. Benzer \u015fekilde, ger\u00e7ek s\u0131cakl\u0131k insan v\u00fccudunun ideal i\u00e7 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde 50\u00b0C\u2019nin (122\u00b0F) \u00fczerinde olabilir, ancak hava yeterince kuru oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece teriniz buharla\u015farak sizi serinletecektir. Her \u015fey s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve nem aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Nem ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131na neden olabilecek ger\u00e7ek s\u0131cakl\u0131k o kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olur (ve tam tersi).<\/p>\n

\"Al\u00d6rne\u011fin, Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Riyad, Orta Do\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn ortas\u0131ndad\u0131r. BAE\u2019deki Dubai, Basra K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r. Riyad\u2019daki s\u0131cakl\u0131k genel olarak Dubai\u2019deki s\u0131cakl\u0131ktan \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksektir. Ancak, Riyad\u2019\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6l havas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok daha kuru olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, havan\u0131n zaten \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011fu Dubai k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re daha fazla nem absorbe edebildi\u011finden, Dubai\u2019deki ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Riyad\u2019dakinden \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n

Sizi \u00f6ld\u00fcrecek kadar y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda bile g\u00fcne\u015flenebilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ger\u00e7ek s\u0131cakl\u0131k 32\u00b0C (90\u00b0F) ve ba\u011f\u0131l nem %95 ise, bu tehlikeli seviyedeki 30\u00b0C (85\u00b0F) ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in yeterli bir ko\u015fuldur. Nem oran\u0131 yaln\u0131zca %45 ise, ayn\u0131 ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 40\u00b0C (104\u00b0F) veya daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 gerekir.[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

“Ba\u011f\u0131l nem” ve “ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131” gibi ifadeler biraz iyi ve kuru g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Ayr\u0131ca, daha \u00f6nce bu seviyedeki bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta hayatta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenler de olacakt\u0131r. Peki neden bunu tekrar ba\u015faram\u0131yoruz?<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz kadar uyumlu muyuz?<\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ek \u015fu ki; insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu insanl\u0131k tarihi boyunca s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 6\u00b0C (43\u00b0F) ila 28\u00b0C (82\u00b0F) aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fad\u0131. Bu, insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u0131da \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in en ideal ortamd\u0131r. Ancak iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 hava ko\u015fullar\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyadaki bu ideal ya\u015fam ortamlar\u0131 azal\u0131yor. \u00d6zellikle insanlar savunmas\u0131z bir durumda \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc toprak okyanuslardan daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u0131s\u0131n\u0131yor ve zaten yeterince s\u0131cak olan Afrika ve Asya\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131cak b\u00f6lgelerinde n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek seviyede.<\/p>\n

3\u00b0C\u2019lik bir k\u00fcresel s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ortalama bir insan\u0131n 7,5\u00b0C daha s\u0131cak olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda, insanlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %30\u2019u ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 29\u00b0C (84\u00b0F) oldu\u011fu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak bir ortamda ya\u015f\u0131yor olacak. Sadece bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k seviyeleri bile endi\u015felenmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir nedendir. Ancak ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 bir canavard\u0131r. S\u0131cakl\u0131kla e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak nemin de y\u00fckselmesi neticesinde ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n 32\u00b0C\u2019yi a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok daha fazla g\u00fcn ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

En \u00e7ok kim risk alt\u0131nda?<\/h2>\n

Herkes bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan, \u00f6zellikle de ya\u015f termometre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckseldi\u011finde etkilenebilir. Ancak baz\u0131 insanlar di\u011ferlerinden daha savunmas\u0131zd\u0131r. Bunlar:<\/p>\n